ArticleEMBO molecular medicine2023
Subcutaneous BCG vaccination protects against streptococcal pneumonia via regulating innate immune responses in the lung.
Article in EMBO molecular medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- BCG immunisation through intranasal instillation protects mice against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by enhancing alveolar macrophage activity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immunological mechanistic action of intravenous BCG-mediated protection against tuberculosis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Integrative profiling of transcriptome and H3K27ac modification reveals changes associated with BCG-induced trained immunity in bovine immune cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of trained immunity as a potential strategy for a universal Streptococcus suis vaccine using immunogenic proteins in a murine model.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- New concepts of chitosan-based mucosal formulations for supporting control of the gastric pathogenFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and antimicrobial resistance: serotype replacement, clonal dynamics, and future vaccine perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trained immunity-based mucosal immunotherapies for preventing respiratory infections: a translational, evidence-graded appraisal of platforms, populations, and the protection-immunopathology balance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Immune evasion of multidrug-resistant bacteria: insights from lung innate immune cells and targeted therapies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Trained immunity in the lung.eLife · 2025Review
- A vaccine targeting lung resident-memory CD4NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Antigen-presenting innate lymphoid cells induced by BCG vaccination promote a respiratory antiviral immune response through the skin‒lung axis.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Article
- Post-pandemic upsurge of group A streptococcus infections: potential link to impaired herd trained immunity following COVID-19 lockdowns.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Current Understanding of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Mediated Trained Immunity and Its Perspectives for Controlling Intracellular Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) still remains the only licensed vaccine for TB and has been shown to provide nonspecific protection against unrelated pathogens. This has been attributed to the ability of BCG to modulate the innate immune system, known as trained innate immunity (TII). Trained innate immunity is associated with innate immune cells being in a hyperresponsive state leading to enhanced host defense against heterologous infections. Both epidemiological evidence and prospective studies demonstrate cutaneous BCG vaccine-induced TII provides enhanced innate protection against heterologous pathogens. Regardless of the extensive progress made thus far, the effect of cutaneous BCG vaccination against heterologous respiratory bacterial infections and the underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, we show that s.c. BCG vaccine-induced TII provides enhanced heterologous innate protection against pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. We further demonstrate that this enhanced innate protection is mediated by enhanced neutrophilia in the lung and is independent of centrally trained circulating monocytes. New insight from this study will help design novel effective vaccination strategies against unrelated respiratory bacterial pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.