ArticleACS nano2023
A Microstirring Oral Pill for Improving the Glucose-Lowering Effect of Metformin.
Article in ACS nano, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microencapsulation and characterization of controlled-release intestinal drugs: a critical review.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Review
- Micro/nano motors treating of digestive system diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Determination of insulin with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry enhanced by Mg-based micromotors.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Article
- Towards multifunctional robotic pills.Nature biomedical engineering · 2024Review
- Oral administration microrobots for drug delivery.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- A temperature-responsive dual-hormone foam nanoengine improves rectal absorptivity of insulin-pramlintide for diabetes treatment.Science advances · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia due to persistent insulin resistance, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Metformin is the most prescribed oral drug for lowering high blood glucose levels in T2DM patients. However, it is poorly absorbed and has low bioavailability. Here, we introduce magnesium-based microstirrers to a metformin-containing pill matrix to enhance the glucose-lowering effect of metformin. The resulting microstirring pill possesses a built-in mixing capability by creating local fluid transport upon interacting with biological fluid to enable fast pill disintegration and drug release along with accelerated metformin delivery. In vivo glucose tolerance testing using a murine model demonstrates that the metformin microstirring pill significantly improves therapeutic efficacy, lowering blood glucose levels after a meal more rapidly compared to a regular metformin pill without active stirring. As a result, the microstirrers allow for dose sparing, providing effective therapeutic efficacy at a lower drug dosage than passive metformin pills. These encouraging results highlight the versatility of this simple yet elegant microstirring pill technology, which enhances drug absorption after gastrointestinal delivery to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.