ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2023
Midlife Neuropsychological Profiles and Associated Vascular Risk: The Bogalusa Heart Study.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Digital neuropsychological assessment-part 1: Defining mild cognitive impairment subtypes.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Digital neuropsychological assessment-Part 2: Relations with cardiovascular risk and informant ratings of neurocognitive decline, functional disabilities, and psychiatric symptoms.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- The effect of birthweight and gestational age on cognitive function in midlife: the Bogalusa heart study.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Association Between Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Function in Midlife Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
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8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIndividuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often present with coexisting vascular pathology that is expressed to different degrees and can lead to clinical heterogeneity.
objectiveTo examine the utility of unsupervised statistical clustering approaches in identifying neuropsychological (NP) test performance subtypes that closely correlate with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in midlife.
methodsA hierarchical agglomerative and k-means clustering analysis based on NP scores (standardized for age, sex, and race) was conducted among 1,203 participants (age 48±5.3 years) from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Regression models assessed the association between cIMT ≥50th percentile and NP profiles, and global cognitive score (GCS) tertiles for sensitivity analysis.
resultsThree NP profiles were identified: Mixed-low performance [16%, n = 192], scores ≥1 SD below the mean on immediate, delayed free recall, recognition verbal memory, and information processing; Average [59%, n = 704]; and Optimal [26%, n = 307] NP performance. Participants with greater cIMT were more likely to have a Mixed-low profile [OR = 3.10, 95% CI (2.13, 4.53), p < 0.001] compared to Optimal. After adjusting for education and cardiovascular (CV) risks, results remained. The association with GCS tertiles was more attenuated [lowest (34%, n = 407) versus highest (33%, n = 403) tertile: adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI (1.07, 2.60), p = 0.024].
conclusionAs early as midlife, individuals with higher subclinical atherosclerosis were more likely to be in the Mixed-low profile, underscoring the potential malignancy of CV risk as related to NP test performance, suggesting that classification approaches may aid in identifying those at risk for AD/vascular dementia spectrum illness.
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