ReviewBiomedicines2023
Epidural and Intrathecal Drug Delivery in Rats and Mice for Experimental Research: Fundamental Concepts, Techniques, Precaution, and Application.
Review in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lumbar intrathecal catheterization in rats targeting the cerebral cortex: a drug delivery method and validation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Spinal P2XPurinergic signalling · 2026Article
- Morpholino-RNA duplex exhibits robust, sustained, and safe steric-block antisense activity by intracerebroventricular and intrathecal injection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: current progress and future challenges.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Review
- Modified Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture Rat Model with Angiographic Imaging.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- An AAV-Based Therapy Approach for Neurological Phenotypes of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Development of a reliable mouse model for caudal epidural anesthesia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A thermo-sensitive hydrogel targeting macrophage reprogramming for sustained osteoarthritis pain relief.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Species-specific sensitivity to intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats and mice highlights pathways and proteins relevant to Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Constraint-induced movement therapy combined with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes myelination and functional recovery by inhibiting PRKCD/MEK/ERK pathway in hemiplegic cerebral palsy rats.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles Administered via Intrathecal Injection Mediate Safe Delivery of Nucleic Acids to the Central Nervous System for Gene Therapy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Development of a Novel Method of Spinal Electrophysiological Assessment via Intrathecal Administration at Analgesic Doses.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Article
- Modulation of pain sensitivity by Ascl1- and Lhx6-dependent GABAergic neuronal function in streptozotocin diabetic mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Esketamine alleviates depressive-like behavior in neuropathic pain mice through the METTL3-GluA1 pathway.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Article
- Tissue distribution pharmacokinetics of intrathecal U1 adaptor oligonucleotide in mice.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2025Article
- Intrathecal silymarin administration improves recovery after compression spinal cord injury: evidence for neuroprotection, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory action.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Ultrasound as a reliable guide for lumbar intrathecal injection in rats: A pilot study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Rat Model: Intrathecal Lipid for Total Spinal Block-Induced Hemodynamic Instability.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Epidural and intrathecal routes are the most effective drug administration methods for pain management in clinical and experimental medicine to achieve quick results, reduce required drug dosages, and overcome the adverse effects associated with the oral and parenteral routes. Beyond pain management with analgesics, the intrathecal route is more widely used for stem cell therapy, gene therapy, insulin delivery, protein therapy, and drug therapy with agonist, antagonist, or antibiotic drugs in experimental medicine. However, clear information regarding intrathecal and epidural drug delivery in rats and mice is lacking, despite differences from human medicine in terms of anatomical space and proximity to the route of entry. In this study, we discussed and compared the anatomical locations of the epidural and intrathecal spaces, cerebrospinal fluid volume, dorsal root ganglion, techniques and challenges of epidural and intrathecal injections, dosage and volume of drugs, needle and catheter sizes, and the purpose and applications of these two routes in different disease models in rats and mice. We also described intrathecal injection in relation to the dorsal root ganglion. The accumulated information about the epidural and intrathecal delivery routes could contribute to better safety, quality, and reliability in experimental research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.