ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Association between Fluoxetine Use and Overall Survival among Patients with Cancer Treated with PD-1/L1 Immunotherapy.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade in solid tumors: A target trial emulation with pan-cancer transcriptomic analyses.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Harnessing Gut Microbiota to Enhance Immunotherapy in NSCLC: From Mechanisms to Translational Applications.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Role of the neurotransmitter-receptor pathway in T-cell tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- Psychological distress as a putative host-state determinant of cancer immunotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors enhance cancer immunosurveillance by pleiotropic mechanisms.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Fluoxetine Alters Gene Expression Patterns of Sarcoma and Significantly Reduces Tumor Load through Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment and Restoration of the Host Antitumor Immune System.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- UBC4: A Repurposed Drug Regimen for Adjunctive Use During Bladder Cancer Treatment.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Beyond Psychotropic: Potential Repurposing of Fluoxetine toward Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Cancer-derived exosomal Alu RNA promotes colorectal cancer progression.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors can be a highly effective antitumor therapy but only to a subset of patients, presumably due to immunotherapy resistance. Fluoxetine was recently revealed to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, and NLRP3 inhibition could serve as a target for immunotherapy resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the overall survival (OS) in patients with cancer receiving checkpoint inhibitors combined with fluoxetine. A cohort study was conducted among patients diagnosed with lung, throat (pharynx or larynx), skin, or kidney/urinary cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Utilizing the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, patients were retrospectively evaluated during the period from October 2015 to June 2021. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Patients were followed until death or the end of the study period. There were 2316 patients evaluated, including 34 patients who were exposed to checkpoint inhibitors and fluoxetine. Propensity score weighted Cox proportional hazards demonstrated a better OS in fluoxetine-exposed patients than unexposed (HR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.371-0.936). This cohort study among cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy showed a significant improvement in the OS when fluoxetine was used. Because of this study's potential for selection bias, randomized trials are needed to assess the efficacy of the association of fluoxetine or another anti-NLRP3 drug to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.