ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2023
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation during maximal voluntary contraction: a Delphi survey with expert consensus.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Low-Load Blood-Flow Restriction Training Versus High-Load Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance and Neuromuscular Activation.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Trial
- Caffeine intake reverses the impairment of sleep restriction on high-intensity exercise performance.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Acute hypoalgesic and neurophysiological responses to lower-limb ischaemic preconditioning.Experimental brain research · 2025Trial
- Neuromuscular Alterations of Knee Extensors During Padel Match Play.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Intermittent low-intensity contractions cause a dissociation between maximal motor unit firing rates and changes in torque and contractile speed.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Voluntary activation of the ankle dorsiflexors is overestimated using the interpolated twitch technique with electrical stimulation.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Novel evidence of age-related cortical and subcortical constraints in cross-education.GeroScience · 2026Article
- The relationship between exposure to long-term training, neuromuscular function and muscular structure in adolescents with cerebral palsy and typically-developed peers: a cross-sectional follow-up analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Observational
- Article
- There Are No Differences in Startle Conditioned Cervicomedullary Motor Evoked Potentials Across Isometric, Concentric, and Eccentric Muscle Actions at the Same Absolute Force Output.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Exercise-Induced Central Fatigue: Biomarkers and Non-Medicinal Interventions.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Acute hypoalgesic, neurophysiological and perceptual responses to low-load blood flow restriction exercise and high-load resistance exercise.Experimental physiology · 2024Article
- Co-existence of peripheral fatigue of the knee extensors and jump potentiation after an incremental running test to exhaustion in endurance trained male runners.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe use of electrical stimulation to assess voluntary activation of muscle/s is a popular method employed in numerous exercise science and health research settings. This Delphi study aimed to collate expert opinion and provide recommendations for best practice when using electrical stimulation during maximal voluntary contractions.
methodsA two-round Delphi study was undertaken with 30 experts who completed a 62-item questionnaire (Round 1) comprising of open- and closed-ended questions. Consensus was assumed if ≥ 70% of experts selected the same response; such questions were removed from the subsequent Round 2 questionnaire. Responses were also removed if they failed to meet a 15% threshold. Open-ended questions were analysed and converted into closed-ended questions for Round 2. It was assumed there was no clear consensus if a question failed to achieve a ≥ 70% response in Round 2.
resultsA total of 16 out of 62 (25.8%) items reached consensus. Experts agreed that electrical stimulation provides a valid assessment of voluntary activation in specific circumstances, such as during maximal contraction, and this stimulation can be applied at either the muscle or the nerve. Experts recommended using doublet stimuli, self-adhesive electrodes, a familiarisation session, real-time visual or verbal feedback during the contraction, a minimum current increase of + 20% to ensure supramaximal stimulation, and manually triggering stimuli.
conclusionThe results of this Delphi consensus study can help researchers make informed decisions when considering technical parameters when designing studies involving electrical stimulation for the assessment of voluntary activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.