ReviewInflammopharmacology2023
The potential effect of metformin on fibroblast growth factor 21 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Review in Inflammopharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis of serum uric acid and diabetic nephropathy risk in type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative evaluation of dulaglutide alone vs. dulaglutide combined with probiotics on cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Trial
- Pharmacological modulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β axis: a new frontier in Alzheimer's disease treatment.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Interconnection between myasthenia gravis and type 2 diabetes: emerging role of metformin in modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/AMPK axis.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Metformin as a Neuroendocrine Modulator in Catamenial Epilepsy: Interplay with Sex Hormones and Neurosteroids.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The AMPK/GDF15 Axis: A Novel Target for the Neuroprotective Effects of Metformin in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Targeting of the PI3 K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: A Therapeutic Blueprint.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Epilepsy and autophagy modulators: a therapeutic split.Autophagy · 2025Review
- Targeting of PP2 A/GSK3β/PTEN Axis in Alzheimer Disease: The Mooting Evidence, Divine, and Devil.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The Possible Role of Metformin and Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 in Multiple Sclerosis Neuropathology: Birds of a Feather Flock Together.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Review
- Therapeutic effects of medicinal and food-based traditional herbal couples on type 2 diabetes mellitus based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Review
- Ji-Ni-De-Xie ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the bile acids metabolism and FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- The potential effect of metformin on fibroblast growth factor 21 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone mainly synthesized and released from the liver. FGF21 acts on FGF21 receptors (FGFRs) and β-Klotho, which is a transmembrane co-receptor. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inflammatory disorders stimulate the release of FGF21 to overcome insulin resistance (IR). FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Metformin which is used in the management of T2DM may increase FGF21 expression. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to clarify the metformin effect on FGF21 in T2DM. FGF21 level and expression of FGF2Rs are dysregulated in T2DM due to the development of FGF21 resistance. Metformin stimulates the hepatic expression of FGF21/FGF2Rs by different signaling pathways. Besides, metformin improves the expression of β-Klotho which improves FGF21 sensitivity. In conclusion, metformin advances FGF21 signaling and decreases FGF21 resistance in T2DM, and this might be an innovative mechanism for metformin in the enhancement of glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders in T2DM patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.