ReviewBiomolecules & biomedicine2023
The roles of trimethylamine-N-oxide in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic aspect: A literature review.
Review in Biomolecules & biomedicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Therapeutic Strategies and Future Perspectives.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The Gut-Heart Axis in Cardiovascular Disease: Microbial Metabolites, Mediterranean and Traditional Turkish Dietary Patterns, and Personalized Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Membrane Raft Redox Signaling Mediates Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Endothelial Dysfunction.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Marine-Derived Proteins: Individual Variability in Health Effects Across Protein Structure, Host Genetics, and Gut Microbiota.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota‑derived metabolites in cardiovascular disease: Focus on trimethylamine N‑oxide, short‑chain fatty acids and bile acids (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Targeting the Gut-Heart Axis in Atherosclerosis: Microbial Metabolites, Molecular Mechanisms, and Precision Therapeutics.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut Microbiome-Hormone Interactions and Precision Fermentation in the Prevention of Early Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Targeted Therapies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut Microbial Choline TMA-Lyase CutC: From Metabolic Mechanism to a Novel Therapeutic Target for Diseases.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Host-Microbiota Metabolic Interactions in Atherosclerosis: Oral, gut, and Blood Perspectives.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- The essential role of hydrogen gas recycling by gut microbes in reducing deuterium load in host mitochondria: is trimethylamine oxide a deuterium sensor?Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Review
- Can the Posterior Segment Findings of the Eye and Serum Microbiota Metabolites Be a Biomarker in Schizophrenia?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- The Microbial Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease: Oral Dysbiosis as a Systemic Instigator.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- A Global Perspective on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategy Innovation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Intestinal metabolite TMAO promotes CKD progression by stimulating macrophage M2 polarization through histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics Mechanisms of Trimethylamine Oxide and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Dietary Nutrients, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiac Function: From Metabolic Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.Nutrients · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current research supports the evidence that the gut microbiome (GM), which consist of gut microbiota and their biologically active metabolites, is associated with atherosclerosis development. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by the GM through trimethylamine (TMA) oxidation, significantly enhances the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. TMAO promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells, leading to vascular dysfunction and plaque formation. Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), iodomethylcholine (IMC) and fluoromethylcholine (FMC) have been recognized for their ability to reduce plasma TMAO by inhibiting trimethylamine lyase, a bacterial enzyme involved in the choline cleavage anaerobic process, thus reducing TMA formation. Conversely, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and trigonelline inhibit TMA oxidation by inhibiting flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3), resulting in reduced plasma TMAO. The combined use of inhibitors of choline trimethylamine lyase and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 could provide novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention by stabilizing existing atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to present the current evidence of the roles of TMA/TMAO in atherosclerosis as well as its potential therapeutic prevention aspects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.