ArticleBMJ open2023
Estimating the costs of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment among people with diabetes in India.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Article
- Diabetic retinal disease.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Estimating the costs and quality of life impact of vision loss in the population aged 50-80 years in Malta: evidence from The Malta Eye Study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Costs and cost-effectiveness of the Kerala pilot screening programme for diabetic retinopathy in the public health system.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Evaluating the role of serum cystatin C as a circulating biomarker of diabetic retinopathy from a rural Indian population.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study provides an estimate of the annual cost of blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment (MSVI) among people with diabetes aged 40 years and above in India in the year 2019.
designA cost of illness study.
settingIndia.
participantsPeople with diabetes aged 40 years and above in India in the year 2019. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates are provided for the total costs of screening for most common vision-threatening eye conditions, treatment of these conditions, economic activity lost by these people and their family carers whose ability to work is affected, and loss of quality of life experienced by people with diabetes and blindness or MSVI.
resultsIt is estimated that for people with diabetes aged 40 years or above, annual screening followed by eye examination where required would cost around 42.3 billion Indian rupees (INR) (4230 crores) per year; treating sight problems around 2.87 billion INR (287 crores) per year if 20% of those needing treatment receive it; and lost economic activity around 472 billion INR (47 200 crores). Moreover, 2.86 million (0.286 crores) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are lost annually due to blindness and MSVI. The estimate of lost production is highly sensitive to the proportion of people with MSVI able to work and how their output compares with that of a person with no visual impairment.
conclusionsThis is the first study to estimate the cost of blindness and MSVI for people aged 40 years and over with diabetes in India. The annual cost to the Indian economy is substantial. This cost will be expected to fall if a successful screening and treatment plan is introduced in India. Further work is suggested using more robust data, when available, to estimate the loss of productivity and loss of QALYs, as this would be worthwhile.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.