ReviewLiver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver2025
Mechanisms of immunity in acutely decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure.
Review in Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Research advances in immune and metabolic dysregulation in the diagnosis and treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Uncovering immune dysfunction in ACLF: Cellular mechanisms, molecular pathways, and therapeutic frontiers.Journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: An Eroded Cliff Hit by a Storm-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Harmonized ACLF prognostication with explainable machine learning models: Traversing from counts to composition: Editorial on "Predictive machine learning model in intensive care unit patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and two or more organ failures".Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Biventricular Systolic Function and Myocardial Deformation in Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Studies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Cuproptosis-Related Genes in Immune Infiltration and Diagnosis in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute Liver Failure.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2026Article
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure: From definition to pathogenesis and therapy.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Advancements in Understanding the Role of Oxylipins in Liver Injury and Liver Failure.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Review
- Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is a prognostic biomarker in decompensated cirrhosis.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Sepsis in end-stage liver disease and acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and pharmacological management.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Single-Cell Analysis of Hepatic Non-Parenchymal Cells Reveals Endothelial Dysfunction and Altered Endothelial and B Cell Communication in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Associated With Expansion of Immunoregulatory Hepatic NKp46Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Etiology-Specific Nomograms for Predicting First Variceal Bleeding in Decompensated HBV- and HCV-Related Cirrhosis.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes in the Treatment of End-stage Liver Disease.Current stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Real-world evidence on predictors of antimicrobial resistance among patients with chronic liver disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- PDK4 Regulates Inflammatory Injury in Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure by Phosphorylating STAT1-mediated M1 Polarization of Macrophages.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2025Article
- Increased risk of antimicrobial resistance in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy using rifaximin.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure-Current Management and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The Predictive Role of the Systemic Inflammation Response Index in the Prognosis of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Multicenter Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The identification of systemic inflammation (SI) as a central player in the orchestration of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has opened new avenues for the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease condition. ACLF, which develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis, is characterized by single or multiple organ failure and high risk of short-term (28-day) mortality. Its poor outcome is closely associated with the severity of the systemic inflammatory response. In this review, we describe the key features of SI in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis and ACLF, including the presence of a high blood white cell count and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in systemic circulation. We also discuss the main triggers (i.e. pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns), the cell effectors (i.e. neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), the humoral mediators (acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and bioactive lipid mediators) and the factors that influence the systemic inflammatory response that drive organ failure and mortality in ACLF. The role of immunological exhaustion and/or immunoparalysis in the context of exacerbated inflammatory responses that predispose ACLF patients to secondary infections and re-escalation of end-organ dysfunction and mortality are also reviewed. Finally, several new potential immunogenic therapeutic targets are debated.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.