ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2023
BMI, insulin sensitivity, and cognition in early type 2 diabetes: The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT01794143. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does lifestyle intervention lower clinically significant cognitive impairment risk?Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Trial
- Association of BMI and Cognitive Performance in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Acute Effect of Intranasal Insulin on Food Intake Among Middle-Aged African American Adults: The FIINAAL Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- U-shaped association between BMI and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: effect modification by lifestyle and exercise.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study explored the association of BMI and insulin sensitivity with cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis of data from the baseline assessment of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: a Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) was conducted. BMI was used as a surrogate of adiposity and the Matsuda index as the measure of insulin sensitivity. Cognitive tests included the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and the letter and animal fluency tests.
resultsCognitive assessments were completed by 5018 (99.4%) of 5047 participants aged 56.7 ± 10.0 years, of whom 36.4% were female. Higher BMI and lower insulin sensitivity were related to better performance on memory and verbal fluency tests. In models including BMI and insulin sensitivity simultaneously, only higher BMI was related to better cognitive performance.
conclusionsIn this study, higher BMI and lower insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes were cross-sectionally associated with better cognitive performance. However, only higher BMI was related to cognitive performance when both BMI and insulin sensitivity were considered simultaneously. The causality and mechanisms for this association need to be determined in future studies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.