ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Betaine as a Functional Ingredient: Metabolism, Health-Promoting Attributes, Food Sources, Applications and Analysis Methods.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and trimethylamine n-oxide in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Analysis of variable metabolites in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Pilot trials of oral betaine in participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and elevated alanine aminotransferase.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2026Trial
- Betaine Supplementation Improves 60 km Cycling Time Trial Performance and One-Carbon Metabolism in Cyclists During Recovery.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Dose-Dependent Effects of Minocycline on Facial Nerve Regeneration: A Microscopic and Molecular Study.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Enhancing Antioxidant and Storage Stability of Upcycled Fruit Bars Through NADES-Based Lavender Extract Addition.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intake of Fiber From Different Food Sources and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: An Integrated Analysis of Epidemiological and Multiomic Data.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Metabolomic Characterization of Baby Spinach Phenolics Transformation During Gastrointestinal Digestion and Microbiome-Mediated Metabolism.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Dietary patterns supportive of gut microbiota and bacterial vaginosis: A cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2001 to 2004.Medicine · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Taste Profile Assessment of Underexplored Amino Acids and Protein Derivatives in Umami and Koku.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The effects of 2 % inclusion of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) meal on the performance and clinical welfare of fast-growing broiler chickens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Mediterranean Diet Can Reduce Fat Accumulation and Obesity Progression Through Action of Plant Bioactive Molecules.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Prenatal Methyl Nutrient Availability Shapes Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Circuitry and Systemic Inflammation in Wistar Rat Offspring of Both Sexes.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Higher dietary choline and betaine intakes are associated with lower likelihood of central nervous system demyelination in Australian women.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Rumen-protected betaine supplementation improves ileal function by affecting microbe and metabolite in Tibetan sheep.AMB Express · 2026Article
- Plant-derived betaine enhances barrier integrity and immune responses in canine intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages under endotoxin challenge.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- An updated overview of alkaloids for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Perinatal depression impairs placental angiogenesis and fetal growth in mice: protective effects of betaine supplementation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Natural novel vitamin C derivative, 2-Chinese herbal medicines · 2026Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains-such as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.-are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide. This review study will provide an overview of the various natural sources of betaine, including different types of food products, and explore the potential of betaine as an innovative functional ingredient. It will thoroughly discuss its metabolic pathways and physiology, disease-preventing and health-promoting properties, and further highlight the extraction procedures and detection methods in different matrices. In addition, gaps in the existing scientific literature will be emphasized.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.