ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2024
Racial and Regional Disparities Surrounding In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Evidence from NIS Sample in 2020.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-COVID-19 condition: clinical phenotypes, pathophysiological mechanisms, pathology, and management strategies.The Journal of pathology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study explores differences in COVID-19 in-hospital mortality rates by patient and geographic factors to identify at-risk populations and analyze how strained health disparities were exacerbated during the pandemic.
methodsThe latest 2020 United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was used to obtain a population-based estimate for patients with COVID-19. We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective data analysis, and sampling weights were used for all statistical analyses to represent nationwide in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19. We used multivariate logistic regression models to identify predictors for how patients with COVID-19 are associated with in-hospital death.
resultsOf 200,531 patients, 88.9% did not have an in-hospital death (n=178,369), and 11.1% had in-hospital death (n=22,162). Patients older than 70 were 10 times more likely to have an in-hospital death than patients younger than 40 (p<0.001). Male patients were 37% more likely to have an in-hospital death than female patients (p<0.001). Hispanic patients were 25% more likely to have in-hospital deaths than White patients (p<0.001). In the sub-analysis, Hispanic patients in the 50-60, 60-70, and 70 age groups were 32%, 34%, and 24%, respectively, more likely to have in-hospital death than White patients (p<0.001). Patients with hypertension and diabetes were 69% and 29%, respectively, more likely to have in-hospital death than patients without hypertension and diabetes.
conclusionHealth disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic occurred across races and regions and must be addressed to prevent future deaths. Age and comorbidities like diabetes have a well-established link to increased disease severity, and we have linked both to higher mortality risk. Low-income patients had a significantly increased risk of in-hospital death starting at over 40 years old.
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