ArticleCirculation2023
Historical Redlining, Socioeconomic Distress, and Risk of Heart Failure Among Medicare Beneficiaries.
Article in Circulation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Trajectory of longitudinal lending discrimination modifies the efficacy of a skills-based intervention in stroke survivors.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2026Trial
- Integrating Out-of-Pocket Costs Into Shared Decision-Making for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Stepped-Wedge Trial (POCKET-COST-HF).Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2025Trial
- Historical Redlining and Change in Blood Pressure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Article
- The environmental exposome in heart failure risk and progression.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Transforming Advanced Heart Failure Programs: Addressing Institutional and Systemic Drivers of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care.Circulation. Heart failure · 2026Review
- Connecting Past to Present: Does Historical Redlining Affect Current Life Expectancy?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Dementia and cognitive decline in Black Brazilians: a narrative review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and school stock inhaler utilization in a statewide program.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Exploring the link between the risk of violent injury in adolescents and historic redlining practices.American journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- An overview of the association between socioeconomic deprivation and heart failure.Heart failure reviews · 2025Review
- Echoes of Inequity: A Critical Examination of the Past, Present, and Future of Cardiac Health Equity.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease EVENTs (PREVENT) Equations: What Clinicians Need to Know?Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Historical Redlining and Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Disease Risk Factors, Prevalence, and Outcomes: A Scoping Review.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Space for improvement: ZIP codes should not determine cardiovascular longevity, a scoping review.Trends in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Social Vulnerability, Determinants for Equitable Health, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Bridge Still Too Far.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Racial and Ethnic Composition and Initiation of Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Historical Redlining and Heart Failure Outcomes Following Hospitalization in the Southeastern United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Association between social vulnerability index and admission urgency for transcatheter aortic valve replacement.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe association of historical redlining policies, a marker of structural racism, with contemporary heart failure (HF) risk among White and Black individuals is not well established.
methodsWe aimed to evaluate the association of redlining with the risk of HF among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries. Zip code-level redlining was determined by the proportion of historically redlined areas using the Mapping Inequality Project within each zip code. The association between higher zip code redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) and HF risk were assessed separately among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounders, including measures of the zip code-level Social Deprivation Index.
resultsA total of 2 388 955 Medicare beneficiaries (Black n=801 452; White n=1 587 503; mean age, 71 years; men, 44.6%) were included. Among Black beneficiaries, living in zip codes with higher redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) was associated with increased risk of HF after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities (risk ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04-1.12];
conclusionsHistorical redlining is associated with an increased risk of HF among Black patients. Contemporary zip code-level social determinants of health modify the relationship between redlining and HF risk, with the strongest relationship between redlining and HF observed in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.