SynthesisActa obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica2023
Birth spacing and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-genetic risk factors of miscarriage: a comprehensive umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.Reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- The association between interpregnancy intervals and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Birth spacing and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Pooled it
- High-Risk Fertility Behavior and Its Associated Factors Among Women in Wad Madani Maternity Hospital, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Interpregnancy intervals and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A retrospective cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Leakage-Controlled and Survey-Weighted Machine Learning for Neonatal Mortality Risk Prediction Using NFHS-5 Data.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Predicting short birth intervals in Bangladesh using stacked machine learning and SHAP explainability: evidence from BDHS 2022.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Ideal birth spacing between the first and second child among reproductive-aged women in Shandong Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association of inter-delivery interval and the success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in high-risk women: a population-based study in the US.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Interpregnancy Interval as a Determinant of Outcome in Women with Prophylactic Cerclage Following Preterm Birth or Late Miscarriage.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2025Article
- Impact of Obstetric History on Preterm Birth: An Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.Cureus · 2025Article
- An analytical pipeline for dose-response effect: laboratory tests assessment and early pregnancy preeclampsia risk.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The optimal childbearing age and birth spacing in china: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Relationship between inter-pregnancy interval and risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in subsequent twin pregnancies.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Planning postpartum contraception for women with substance use disorders: Utilisation of the birth admission.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2025Article
- Non-linear association between interpregnancy interval after vaginal delivery and singleton preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Association of the time interval between first and last birth with obesity in middle-aged postmenopausal Chinese women: a cross-sectional study in southern China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Teenage mothers report poor health and economic functioning in Western Kenya: A call to action.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Interpregnancy maternal weight change is not associated with offspring weight and obesity at age 2 years.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe association between extreme birth spacing and adverse outcomes is controversial, and available evidence is fragmented into different classifications of birth spacing. MATERIAL AND
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of observational studies to evaluate the association between birth spacing (i.e., interpregnancy interval and interoutcome interval) and adverse outcomes (i.e., pregnancy complications, adverse birth outcomes). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model, and the dose-response relationships were evaluated using generalized least squares trend estimation.
resultsA total of 129 studies involving 46 874 843 pregnancies were included. In the general population, compared with an interpregnancy interval of 18-23 months, extreme intervals (<6 months and ≥ 60 months) were associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birthweight, fetal death, birth defects, early neonatal death, and premature rupture of fetal membranes (pooled OR range: 1.08-1.56; p < 0.05). The dose-response analyses further confirmed these J-shaped relationships (p
conclusionsExtreme birth spacing has extensive adverse effects on maternal and infant health. In the general population, interpregnancy interval of 18-23 months may be associated with potential benefits for both mothers and infants. For women with previous preterm birth, the optimal birth spacing may be 9 months.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.