ReviewAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2023
Unmasking the Adverse Impacts of Sex Bias on Science and Research Animal Welfare.
Review in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific exploration patterns and noradrenergic modulation in object recognition memory: Role of the perirhinal cortex.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- On the importance of including both sexes in animal studies - insights from home-cage monitoring.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Network-Based Analysis for the Quantification of Brain and Body Immune Axes with Total-Body PET Imaging.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Microcirculatory impact of vatinoxan and fentanyl in male Wistar rats sedated with medetomidine and midazolam.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
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- Effects of vatinoxan and fentanyl on blood glucose concentrations and diuresis in male Wistar rats sedated with medetomidine and midazolam.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Addressing cultural and knowledge barriers to enable preclinical sex inclusive research.eLife · 2025Article
- Two decades of sperm sex-sorting in animals: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of techniques, effectiveness, and global research trends (2005-2025).Veterinary world · 2025Review
- Effect of Mouse (Mus musculus) Sex and C57BL/6 Substrain on Sensitivity to Isoflurane and Ketamine-Xylazine-Acepromazine Anesthesia.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Navigating the paradigm shift of sex inclusive preclinical research and lessons learnt.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Early Handling Exerts Anxiolytic Effects and Alters Brain Mitochondrial Dynamics in Adult High Anxiety Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Quantitative in Vivo Molecular MRI.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2024Review
- Zoographics in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Increasing inclusion of female animals.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2024Article
- Sex mechanisms as nonbinary influences on cognitive diversity.Hormones and behavior · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex bias in biomedical and natural science research has been prevalent for decades. In many cases, the female estrous cycle was thought to be too complex an issue to model for, and it was thought to be simpler to only use males in studies. At times, particularly when studying efficacy and safety of new therapeutics, this sex bias has resulted in over- and under-medication with associated deleterious side effects in women. Many sex differences have been recognized that are unrelated to hormonal variation occurring during the estrous cycle. Sex bias also creates animal welfare challenges related to animal over-production and wastage, insufficient consideration of welfare (and scientific) impact related to differential housing of male vs female animals within research facilities, and a lack of understanding regarding differential requirements for pain recognition and alleviation in male versus female animals. Although many funding and government agencies require both sexes to be studied in biomedical research, many disparities remain in practice. This requires further enforcement of expectations by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee when reviewing protocols, research groups when writing grants, planning studies, and conducting research, and scientific journals and reviewers to ensure that sex bias policies are enforced.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.