ReviewFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2023
The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
Review in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations Between Domestic Water Hardness, Genetic Risk and Severe MASLD: A Large-Scale Cohort Study.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Beyond air pollution: Green space, water minerals, and genetic predisposition in migraine onset.iScience · 2026Article
- Integrated hydrogeochemical assessment and groundwater quality mapping for irrigation suitability and health risk in Kandahar City, Afghanistan.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Domestic water hardness, genetic susceptibility, and risk of symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm: a cohort study of UK biobank.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Water hardness and digestive diseases: a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Review
- Comprehensive hydrogeochemical characterization and seasonal water quality index analysis for sustainable groundwater management in Valliyur region, Southern Tamil Nadu, India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Relationship Between Water Hardness and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases in Mashhad, Iran During 2018-2020: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The Potential for High-Priority Care Based on Pain Through Facial Expression Detection with Patients Experiencing Chest Pain.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Feasibility of increasing calcium content of drinking tap water following quality regulations to improve calcium intake at population level.Gates open research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInterest in water chemical activity, its content, and its impact on human health has greatly increased throughout the last decade. Some studies suggest that drinking water with high hardness may have preventative effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the association between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
methodsThe study selection process was designed to find the association between drinking water hardness and CVDs mortality. The search included both qualitative and quantitative research and was performed in three databases: Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), PubMed (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA), and Scopus (Elsevier, RELX Group plc, London, UK). The project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020213102.
resultsSeventeen studies out of a total of twenty-five studies qualitatively analyzed indicated a significant relation between total water hardness and protection from CVD mortality. The quantitative analysis concluded that high drinking water hardness has a significantly lowering effect on mortality from CVDs, however, the heterogeneity was high.
conclusionsThis systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.