ReviewCurrent topics in microbiology and immunology2023
Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course.
Review in Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Twenty-year survival outcomes after multipeptide vaccination for resected high-risk melanoma: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.International journal of cancer · 2025Trial
- Rescuing age-associated vaccine hyporesponsiveness in murine and nonhuman primate models with an immunostimulatory vaccine adjuvant.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of One- and Two-Dose Varicella Vaccination Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-18 Years - Chaoyang District, Beijing, China, 2007-2025.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Long-Lasting Antibody and CD8Vaccines · 2026Article
- Life-course immunology: reframing sex differences in the immune system to better understand women's health.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex shapes CD64 expression and vaccine-induced monocytic responses.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Duration of immunity following infection with moderately virulent ASFV.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Guarding the heart in the era of immunotherapies: insights for cardio-oncology practice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Population-Based Analysis of Vaccination Status and Post-Vaccination Adverse Events in Adults Aged 55 and Older.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Sexual dimorphism-driven differences are overcome in a preclinical vaccine model againstFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Minimal association between Th1-specific responses to COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in multiple sclerosis patients receiving disease-modifying therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Retrospective analysis of sex-disaggregated immune responses to ALVAC-HIV and bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59 HIV vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Biological sex and age have profound effects on immune responses throughout the lifespan and impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Mounting evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies show that males and females respond differentially to vaccination throughout the lifespan. Within age groups, females tend to produce greater vaccine-induced immune responses than males, with sex differences apparent across all age groups, but are most pronounced among reproductive aged individuals. Females report more adverse effects following vaccination than males. Females, especially among children under 5 years of age, also experience more non-specific effects of vaccination. Despite these known sex- and age-specific differences in vaccine-induced immune responses and outcomes, sex and age are often ignored in vaccine research. Herein, we review the known sex differences in the immunogenicity, effectiveness, reactogenicity, and non-specific effects of vaccination over the lifespan. Ways in which these data can be leveraged to improve vaccine research are described.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.