Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37698538›Full record

ArticleAnnals of botany2023

The CAM lineages of planet Earth.

Ian S Gilman, J Andrew C Smith, Joseph A M Holtum, Rowan F Sage, Katia Silvera, Klaus Winter, Erika J Edwards

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of botany, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
41.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Diel net COPlant biology (Stuttgart, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Flexible photosynthesis at the end Permian.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Convergence and parallelism in the evolution of plant metabolism.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. CBiology · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Synthetic crassulacean acid metabolism (SynCAM) for improving water-use efficiency in plants.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.

Ian S GilmanDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0390-9370
J Andrew C SmithDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Joseph A M HoltumCollege of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Rowan F SageDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-6183-9246
Katia SilveraSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Klaus WinterSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Erika J EdwardsDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Yale University · USJames Cook University · AUSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute · PAUniversity of California, Riverside · USUniversity of Oxford · GBUniversity of Toronto · CA

Funding

National Science Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

background and scopeThe growth of experimental studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in diverse plant clades, coupled with recent advances in molecular systematics, presents an opportunity to re-assess the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of species capable of CAM. It has been more than two decades since the last comprehensive lists of CAM taxa were published, and an updated survey of the occurrence and distribution of CAM taxa is needed to facilitate and guide future CAM research. We aimed to survey the phylogenetic distribution of these taxa, their diverse morphology, physiology and ecology, and the likely number of evolutionary origins of CAM based on currently known lineages. RESULTS AND

conclusionsWe found direct evidence (in the form of experimental or field observations of gas exchange, day-night fluctuations in organic acids, carbon isotope ratios and enzymatic activity) for CAM in 370 genera of vascular plants, representing 38 families. Further assumptions about the frequency of CAM species in CAM clades and the distribution of CAM in the Cactaceae and Crassulaceae bring the currently estimated number of CAM-capable species to nearly 7 % of all vascular plants. The phylogenetic distribution of these taxa suggests a minimum of 66 independent origins of CAM in vascular plants, possibly with dozens more. To achieve further insight into CAM origins, there is a need for more extensive and systematic surveys of previously unstudied lineages, particularly in living material to identify low-level CAM activity, and for denser sampling to increase phylogenetic resolution in CAM-evolving clades. This should allow further progress in understanding the functional significance of this pathway by integration with studies on the evolution and genomics of CAM in its many forms.

Indexed as

Crassulacean Acid MetabolismPhotosynthesisEarth, PlanetHumansPhylogenyPlantsC3 + CAMC3 photosynthesisC4 + CAMcrassulacean acid metabolismnocturnal acidificationphotosynthetic pathway evolutionstrong CAMvascular plants

Identifiers

PMID37698538
PMCPMC10799995
OpenAlexW4386624540

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.