Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37700590›Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes science and technology2025

Determination of Glucose-Independent Racial Disparity in HbA1c for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Nicholas J Christakis, Marcella Gioe, Ricardo Gomez, Dania Felipe, Arlette Soros, Robert McCarter, Stuart Chalew

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Nicholas J ChristakisSchool of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6421-0774
Marcella GioeEndocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Ricardo GomezDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Dania FelipeDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Arlette SorosDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Robert McCarterBioinformatics, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Stuart ChalewDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3914-3127
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans · USChildren's Hospital of New Orleans · USChildren's National · US

Funding

Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science CenterU54GM104940 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2025 to 2025
$3.9M
NIDDK NIH HHS R21 DK118643NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe magnitude and importance of higher HbA1c levels not due to mean blood glucose (MBG) in non-Hispanic black (B) versus non-Hispanic white (W) individuals is controversial. We sought to clarify the relationship of HbA1c with glucose data from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in a young biracial population.

methodsGlycemic data of 33 B and 85 W, healthy youth with type 1 diabetes (age 14.7 ± 4.8 years, M/F = 51/67, duration of diabetes 5.4 ± 4.7 years) from a factory-calibrated CGM was compared with HbA1c. Hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) = assayed HbA1c - glucose management index (GMI).

resultsB patients had higher unadjusted levels of HbA1c, MBG, MBGSD, GMI, and HGI than W patients. Percent glucose time in range (TIR) and percent sensor use (PSU) were lower for B patients. Average HbA1c in B patients 8.3% was higher than 7.7% for W (P < .0001) after statistical adjustment for MBG, age, gender, insulin delivery method, and accounting for a race by PSU interaction effect. Higher HbA1c persisted in B patients when TIR was substituted for MBG. Predicted MBG was higher in B patients at any level of PSU. The 95th percentile for HGI was 0.47 in W patients, and 52% of B patients had HGI ≥ 0.5. Time below range was similar for both.

conclusionsYoung B patients have clinically relevant higher average HbA1c at any given level of MBG or TIR than W patients, which may pose an additional risk for diabetes complications development. HGI ≥ 0.5 may be an easy way to identify high-risk patients.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Glycated HemoglobinAdolescentBlack or African AmericanChildContinuous Glucose MonitoringFemaleHumansMaleWhiteBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanAfrican Americancontinuous glucose monitoringglucose management index (GMI)HbA1chemoglobin glycation index (HGI)hypoglycemiaracial disparitytype 1 diabetesyouth

Identifiers

PMID37700590
PMCPMC11688699
OpenAlexW4386695483

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.