ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2023
Why and How to Account for Sex and Gender in Brain and Behavioral Research.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Thalamic projections from the cerebellar nuclei receiving proprioceptive signals from the jaw muscles in rats.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Claims of sex-dependent effects in the behavioral and brain sciences are infrequently supported by valid statistical comparisons.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Brain charts for neuroanatomical sex differences across the human lifespan.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Feeling Like a Woman: Interoception and the Objectified Body.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Gendering the Menstrual Cycle in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of entanglement: how a gendered world makes a gendered brain.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- The "sex-specific effect:" Evaluating analytical approaches to sex-dependence in the behavioral and brain sciences.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Declines in Oxytocin Receptor Density and Social Behavior Across a Dispersal-Like Transition in Solitary Hamsters.Developmental neurobiology · 2025Article
- The role of affective states in computational psychiatry.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Projections from Regions of the Cerebellar Nuclei Receiving Jaw Muscle Proprioceptive Signals to Trigeminal Motoneurons and Their Premotoneurons in the Rat Pons and Medulla.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2025Article
- "Precision Medicine" and the Failed Search for Binary Brain Sex Differences to Address Gender Behavioral Health Disparities.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Review
- Chronic Stress May Amplify Gender/Sex Differences in Amygdala Reactivity to Ambiguous Emotional Stimuli.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Article
- Considering the interconnected nature of social identities in neuroimaging research.Nature neuroscience · 2025Review
- Exploring neuroendocrine influences on the sensorimotor-association axis in a female and a male individual.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Influences of sex and gender on the associations between risk and protective factors, brain, and behavior.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Distinct roles of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex in the expression and reconsolidation of methamphetamine-associated memory in male mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Training in the implementation of sex and gender research policies: an evaluation of publicly available online courses.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Review
- Heterogeneity and convergence across seven neuroimaging modalities: a review of the autism spectrum disorder literature.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Designing and Teaching Courses on Sex, Gender, and the Brain: Two Implementations in the Undergraduate Classroom.Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Long overlooked in neuroscience research, sex and gender are increasingly included as key variables potentially impacting all levels of neurobehavioral analysis. Still, many neuroscientists do not understand the difference between the terms "sex" and "gender," the complexity and nuance of each, or how to best include them as variables in research designs. This TechSights article outlines rationales for considering the influence of sex and gender across taxa, and provides technical guidance for strengthening the rigor and reproducibility of such analyses. This guidance includes the use of appropriate statistical methods for comparing groups as well as controls for key covariates of sex (e.g., total intracranial volume) and gender (e.g., income, caregiver stress, bias). We also recommend approaches for interpreting and communicating sex- and gender-related findings about the brain, which have often been misconstrued by neuroscientists and the lay public alike.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.