ArticleBMC medicine2023
A roadmap for sex- and gender-disaggregated health research.
Article in BMC medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in sex distribution in Achilles tendon rupture literature over 74 years: A systematic review.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Gender disparities in hospital admission patterns during the COVID-19 health emergency: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Moving beyond gender: a systematic review of diversity data gaps in prospective trauma research.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Female participation, and sex-specific reporting practices, in polypill randomized controlled trials in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a secondary analysis of a systematic review.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex and gender considerations in randomized controlled trials in critical care nephrology: a meta-epidemiologic study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in electrical activity of the brain during sleep: a systematic review of electroencephalographic findings across the human lifespan.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Pooled it
- Women veterans' outcomes and experiences with STEP-Home transdiagnostic reintegration workshops: Implications for future implementation.Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Trial
- Fat depot-specific accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in rats fed with western diet and its implications for colon cancer.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Sex-specific mechanisms of childhood trauma-related HPA axis dysregulation: Insights across four regulatory probes.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Engagement in women's health: a history.Research involvement and engagement · 2026Article
- Frailty and sex differences in blood pressure control in older adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Sex differences in inappropriate imaging requests-insights from the medical imaging decision and support (MIDAS) study.European radiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Low-dose of yeast beta-glucan on respiratory symptoms and psychological well-being in moderately stressed adults.iScience · 2026Article
- A Roadmap for Advancing Women's Health in Disorders of the Gut-Brain Interaction.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic differences in the prevalence, treatment and control of major cardiometabolic risk factors by sex: a cross-sectional study of the UK Biobank.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Beyond Medication: A Cross-Sectional Study of How Sex Influences Overall Chronic Disease Adherence Behaviour Using the French Generic Adherence for Chronic Diseases Profile (GACID-P).Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- 'Women deserve better': a national mixed-methods exploration of the 'silent' health conditions and social issues affecting women and girls in Australia.BMC women's health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex and gender are fundamental aspects of health and wellbeing. Yet many research studies fail to consider sex or gender differences, and even when they do this is often limited to merely cataloguing such differences in the makeup of study populations. The evidence on sex and gender differences is thus incomplete in most areas of medicine. This article presents a roadmap for the systematic conduct of sex- and gender-disaggregated health research. We distinguish three phases: the exploration of sex and gender differences in disease risk, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes; explaining any found differences by revealing the underlying mechanisms; and translation of the implications of such differences to policy and practice. For each phase, we provide critical methodological considerations and practical examples are provided, taken primarily from the field of cardiovascular disease. We also discuss key overarching themes and terminology that are at the essence of any study evaluating the relevance of sex and gender in health. Here, we limit ourselves to binary sex and gender in order to produce a coherent, succinct narrative. Further disaggregation by sex and gender separately and which recognises intersex, non-binary, and gender-diverse identities, as well as other aspects of intersectionality, can build on this basic minimum level of disaggregation. We envision that uptake of this roadmap, together with wider policy and educational activities, will aid researchers to systematically explore and explain relevant sex and gender differences in health and will aid educators, clinicians, and policymakers to translate the outcomes of research in the most effective and meaningful way, for the benefit of all.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.