ReviewPhysiological reviews2024
Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physiological Basis of Sex Differences in Human Performance and Exercise-Associated Pathology.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Hypothalamic Control of Liver Health and Disease: From Circuits to Pathophysiology and Therapies.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Embryo-fetal and early-life protein restriction programs pulmonary structure and molecular parameters in both dams and female offspring.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Corticosteroids in asthma and COPD: an inflammopharmacological perspective on molecular and genetic determinants.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Paternal Caffeine Exposure Programs Offspring Stress Vulnerability via Sperm Dlk1-Dio3 Imprinting-Directed Remodeling of a Novel Neural Circuit.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Hepatic neurons and metabolically induced liver dysfunction.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Glucocorticoid resistance-induced inflammation drives cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome pathophysiology.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2026Review
- Glucose as a Biomarker for Stress in Firefighters.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- From Activity Screening to Quality Control: UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Anti-Inflammatory Cyclodipeptides inMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure programs long-term left ventricular metabolism, function, and remodeling in baboons.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2026Article
- Peri-Transfer Glucocorticoid Therapy in Oocyte-Donation IVF Bridging the Immunological Gap.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Association between lipid accumulation product and asthma in US adults: evidence from the NHANES 2005-2020.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-specific effects of methylprednisolone on outcomes after endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion: A secondary analysis of the MARVEL trial.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Nicotine combined with estrogen activates protein kinase PKCι and TAO, while inhibiting specific MAP kinase pathways in cultured human neurons: an atlas of kinase activities for nicotine use disorder.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- A retrospective study of severity-dependent HPG Axis suppression by glucocorticoids in Chinese women with Cushing syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Prenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.Journal of mother and child · 2026Review
- Comorbidity Between Mood Disorders and Chronic Somatic Diseases, With a Focus on Cardiometabolic Disease, and Its Mechanistic Crosstalk.Depression and anxiety · 2026Review
- Circadian regulation of osteoclast lysosomal-resorption machinery: implications for osteoporosis therapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Chronic stress, gut microbiota, and immunity: interconnections and implications for health.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Mechano- and Glucocorticoid-Sensitive TREK-1 Channels Regulate Conventional Outflow and Intraocular Pressure.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance the proper functioning of numerous systems in the mammalian body. They are also generated synthetically and are the preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. They act by binding to the nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα and GRβ). Our classical understanding of glucocorticoid signaling is from the GRα isoform, which binds the hormone, whereas GRβ has no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved in many physiological and cellular processes, even small disruptions in their release via the HPA axis, or changes in GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a glucocorticoid-resistant state, and we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment can lead to noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, and others that we discuss in detail. There are sexually dimorphic responses to glucocorticoids, and women tend to have a more hyperresponsive HPA axis than men. This review summarizes our understanding of glucocorticoids and critically analyzes the GR isoforms and their beneficial and deleterious mechanisms and the sexual differences that cause a dichotomy in responses. We also discuss the future of glucocorticoid therapy and propose a new concept of dual GR isoform agonist and postulate why activating both isoforms may prevent glucocorticoid resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.