ArticleBMC public health2023
A multilevel analysis of the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia: trends and determinants from repeated cross-sectional surveys.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Childhood malnutrition, rickets, and anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on global prevalence, determinants, and public health implications.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Agricultural Commercialization and Dietary Transitions in Traditional Food Systems in Indonesia.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Maternal Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Complementary Feeding in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Mitigating food safety risks in Indonesia's free school meals programme.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Defining double burden of malnutrition across individual, household and population level: A narrative review.Nutrition & dietetics : the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia · 2026Review
- From gene to plate in Indonesia: a food system framework for the triple burden of malnutrition.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Triple burden of malnutrition in children and mothers from Ceará, brazil: a cross sectional study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Trends and determinants of the triple burden of malnutrition in Ghana; Analyses of two decades of demographic and health survey datasets.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of double and triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in Malawi: a mapping and multilevel modelling study.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough child malnutrition has been reducing, the coexistence in mothers and children of various forms of malnutrition has continued to rise around the world. In the Indonesian context, a knowledge gap exists on the coexistence of multiple malnutrition burdens. This study examines trends in the coexistence of the triple burden of malnutrition (TBM) among mother-child pairs living in the same house and explores multilevel (individual, household, and community) factors associated with TBM in Indonesia.
methodsWe used data from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research, the nationally representative survey of the Indonesian population, as repeated cross-sectional surveys. Study samples were mothers and children (0-59 months old), who resided in the same household and indicated by the same identifier number. The anthropometric measurements of the mothers and children, and the hemoglobin levels of the children were collected. We employed a multilevel mixed-effects model to consider the hierarchical data structure. The model captured the role of cluster, district, provincial differences, and the individual, household, community-level, and TBM status characteristics.
resultsOf 3,891 mother-child pairs analyzed, 24.9% experienced TBM. Girls had 63% higher odds than boys of TBM (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.03). Significantly lower odds were found in children of mothers who had a gestational age lower than 37 weeks (aOR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.94). At the household level, children with a father who had a high-school, primary-school, or no school education had significantly higher odds of TBM than children of fathers who had graduated from academy. Children of mothers who visited Antenatal Care (ANC) no more than 6 times had significantly lower odds (aOR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.88). Children of mothers who consumed Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplements had significantly lower odds.
conclusionTBM is related to characteristics at not just the individual level but also the family and community levels. To achieve significant outcomes, integrated nutrition interventions in Indonesia should also consider family and community factors.
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