SynthesisFrontiers in nutrition2023
The effect of breakfast on childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- How to Teach Healthy Life-Style Efficiently in a Pediatric Outpatient Setting: Proposal of an Innovative Tridimensional Pyramid.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association of Skipping Breakfast with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Do traditional medicine-based diets lead to greater weight loss than modern diets in overweight and obese students? A randomized controlled trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Trial
- A snapshot of country-specific dietary habits and obesity in European children: the Feel4Diabetes study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Toddler diet quality: a factor associated with childhood growth?International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Review
- Ponderal Status, Eating and Lifestyle Habits in Rural School Children: A Pilot Survey of the SBAM-ONFOODS Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge of Adolescents in Lower Silesia (Poland): A Comparative Study Between 2011 and 2023.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Beyond calories: the effect of meal patterns on obesity risk in the IRanian National Obesity Registry.Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research · 2026Article
- Associations among family sociodemographic factors, breakfast habits, and weight status in preschool children and the mediating role of breakfast habits: the ToyBox-study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Perspectives of adolescents from low-income households in Berlin-nutrition described by food affordability, household routines and autonomy: results from an exploratory qualitatively-driven mixed-methods study of cases.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Article
- Breakfast frequency, lifestyle-related factors and their association with body weight status among Polish primary school children aged 10 to 12 years: results from a nationwide cross-sectional study.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Breakfast Skipping Among Dormitory- and Home-Residing High School Students: Insights from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2018-2024.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of Breakfast Food Types with Dietary Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among School-Aged Children.Nutrients · 2025Article
- [Strategies for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents: Self-Regulated Nutrition, Family-School Collaboration, and Social Environment Optimization].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Previous cohort trials have shown that skipping breakfast increases the risk of obesity or overweight in children. However, this finding remains controversial. Through a meta-analysis, this study systematically evaluated the effect of skipping breakfast on the prevalence of obesity or overweight in children. Methods: We performed a literature search for studies published until March 19, 2023. using the Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, observational studies on the relationship between skipping breakfast and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents were analyzed. Three investigators independently screened the relevant literature, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A random-effects model was used. The odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval ( Results: A total of 40 retrospective studies with 323,244 children ranging in age from 2 to 20 years were included in this study. The results of this meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents who skipped breakfast had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity or overweight than those who ate breakfast (OR, 1.59; Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. The findings provide support for a possible protective role of breakfast against excessive weight gain in children and adolescents. However, more rigorous study designs with validated and standardized measures of relevant variables are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.