ArticleDiabetes care2024
Association of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics With Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Preexisting Diabetes.
Article in Diabetes care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Guideline
- Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Short-Term, In-Hospital Mortality Among Frail and Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Sensor-derived glycaemic metrics in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes randomised to faster acting insulin aspart or insulin aspart-A secondary analysis of the CopenFast trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Trial
- Article
- Practical Approach to Continuous Glucose Monitoring Interpretation and Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Pregnancy: Considerations for Obstetric Providers.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- First Trimester Mean Glucose Level on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Associated with Infant Birth Weight.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Observational
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Secondary Analysis of the DiGest Trial.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Performance of flash continuous glucose monitoring and glycemic marker correlations in Chinese pregnant women with non-type 1 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring system in diabetes in pregnancy: a narrative review.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Effectiveness and safety of AI-driven closed-loop systems in diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Glucose time in range trajectories during pregnancy and association with adverse perinatal outcomes: a joint latent-class trajectory modeling approach.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2025Article
- How to take action beyond ambulatory glucose profile: Latin American expert recommendations on CGM data interpretation.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Sensor-Derived Glycemic Metrics in Women with Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Degludec Versus Other Basal Insulin Analogs During Pregnancy-A Post Hoc Analysis of the CopenFast Trial.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Neonatal Outcomes and A1C Improved With Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancy With Preexisting Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Review
- Discrete glucose profiles identified using continuous glucose monitoring data and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Article
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics for Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes: Critical Appraisal of Current Evidence.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Review
- Blood glucose monitoring devices for type 1 diabetes: a journey from the food and drug administration approval to market availability.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves maternal glycemic control and neonatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancies compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose. However, CGM targets for pregnancy are based on expert opinion. We aimed to evaluate the association between CGM metrics and perinatal outcomes and identify evidence-based targets to reduce morbidity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes who used real-time CGM and delivered at a U.S. tertiary center (2018-2021). Multiple gestations, fetal anomalies, and early pregnancy loss were excluded. Exposures included time in range (TIR; 65-140 mg/dL), time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), glucose variability, average glucose, and glucose management indicator. The primary outcome was a composite of fetal or neonatal mortality, large or small for gestational age at birth, neonatal intensive care unit admission, hypoglycemia, shoulder dystocia or birth trauma, and hyperbilirubinemia. Logistic regression estimated the association between CGM metrics and outcomes, and optimal TIR was calculated.
resultsOf 117 patients, 16 (13.7%) used CGM before pregnancy and 68 (58.1%) had type 1 diabetes. Overall, 98 patients (83.8%) developed the composite neonatal outcome. All CGM metrics, except TBR, were associated with neonatal morbidity. For each 5 percentage-point increase in TIR, there was 28% reduced odds of neonatal morbidity (odds ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.89). The statistically optimal TIR was 66-71%.
conclusionsNearly all CGM metrics were associated with adverse neonatal morbidity and mortality and may aid management of preexisting diabetes in pregnancy. Our findings support the American Diabetes Association recommendation of 70% TIR.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.