ArticleCommunications medicine2023
Treatment effect heterogeneity following type 2 diabetes treatment with GLP1-receptor agonists and SGLT2-inhibitors: a systematic review.
Article in Communications medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- The potential of precision diabetology for type 2 diabetes treatment-evidence from a meta-regression for all-cause mortality from large cardiovascular outcome trials.Acta diabetologica · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of Initial and Sustained Glycemic and Weight Response to Tirzepatide: A Post Hoc Analysis of SURPASS-4.Diabetes · 2025Trial
- Discrepancies in Dapagliflozin Response in Terms of Glycemic Control and Body Weight Reduction.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Trial
- Automated Insulin Delivery in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Sex-difference of multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular and mortality risk in DKD: post-hoc analysis of a randomised clinical trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Trial
- Therapeutic potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic neuropathy: a critical appraisal.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Patient-Level Multidimensional Response Phenotypes in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Month Real-World Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Precision Prescribing of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes for Primary Prevention of Heart Failure: Model Development and Validation Study.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Glycemic response trajectories on metformin monotherapy in real-world diabetes care.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2-inhibitors? Evaluation of a personalized treatment algorithm for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a registry-based cohort study.Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association · 2026Observational
- A machine learning model for optimizing treatment of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Validation of an algorithm for selection of SGLT2 and DPP4 inhibitor therapies in people with type 2 diabetes across major UK ethnicity groups: a retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- GLP-1RA precision medicine in people with type 2 diabetes: current insights and future prospects.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists as Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2026Review
- Factors Affecting the Treatment Heterogeneity of PPARγ and Pan-PPAR Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Machine Learning-Based Meta-Regression Analysis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity in Economic Value of SGLT2is for Type 2 Diabetes: Subgroup Modeling Cost-Effectiveness Analyses.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Article
- Characterize Disease Progression Subphenotypes in Real World Populations with Overweight and Obesity using a Graph-based Neural Network Framework.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Focus on Semaglutide 2.4 mg/week for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Review
- GLP-1 Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Therapies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
14 authors at 20 institutions in 26 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA precision medicine approach in type 2 diabetes requires the identification of clinical and biological features that are reproducibly associated with differences in clinical outcomes with specific anti-hyperglycaemic therapies. Robust evidence of such treatment effect heterogeneity could support more individualized clinical decisions on optimal type 2 diabetes therapy.
methodsWe performed a pre-registered systematic review of meta-analysis studies, randomized control trials, and observational studies evaluating clinical and biological features associated with heterogenous treatment effects for SGLT2-inhibitor and GLP1-receptor agonist therapies, considering glycaemic, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. After screening 5,686 studies, we included 101 studies of SGLT2-inhibitors and 75 studies of GLP1-receptor agonists in the final systematic review.
resultsHere we show that the majority of included papers have methodological limitations precluding robust assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity. For SGLT2-inhibitors, multiple observational studies suggest lower renal function as a predictor of lesser glycaemic response, while markers of reduced insulin secretion predict lesser glycaemic response with GLP1-receptor agonists. For both therapies, multiple post-hoc analyses of randomized control trials (including trial meta-analysis) identify minimal clinically relevant treatment effect heterogeneity for cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
conclusionsCurrent evidence on treatment effect heterogeneity for SGLT2-inhibitor and GLP1-receptor agonist therapies is limited, likely reflecting the methodological limitations of published studies. Robust and appropriately powered studies are required to understand type 2 diabetes treatment effect heterogeneity and evaluate the potential for precision medicine to inform future clinical care.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.