ArticleScientific reports2023
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor add-on therapy for metformin delays diabetic retinopathy progression in diabetes patients: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- SGLT2 inhibitors for delaying diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of antidiabetic drugs with diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between carotid macrovascular and retinal microvascular alterations in diabetes: Evidence synthesis and implications for risk assessment.Atherosclerosis plus · 2026Review
- Angiogenesis and inflammation in the retinopathy risk of insulin and semaglutide - a review.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Review
- Diabetic retinopathy: why some eyes suffer more - a focus on retina-specific risk factors and metabolic memory.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Macular Edema in Diabetic Neovascular Glaucoma and Its Association with Systemic Diseases.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2025Article
- Review
- SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic retinopathy: Insights from the management of nephropathy.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Impact of duration of treatments with metformin and sulfonylureas, individually or in combination, on diabetic retinopathy among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients: a pooled cohort's analysis.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Diabetes Renders Photoreceptors Susceptible to Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Improvement of Theaflavins on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To investigate how sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) add-on therapy for metformin affects diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This nationwide population-based study conducted from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018 involved 3,432,911 adults with T2DM in Taiwan. To adjust for potential confounders, data on sex, age, income, comorbidities, diabetes complication severity index score, staging of kidney disease, anti-diabetic medications, and index year were included. The outcome was DR progression, determined by procedure codes or the addition of ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM codes to the medical records of the patients during the study. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the findings. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of DR progression was 0.89 for the SGLT2is add-on group, relative to the control group [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-0.99, P = 0.026]. The Kaplan-Meier curve of the cumulative incidence rate showed that the cumulative incidence of DR progression was considerably decreased in the SGLT2is cohort (log-rank P = 0.0261). The use of SGLT2is for less than 1 year and 1-2 years were associated with a significant increase in the risk of DR progression (aHR 1.56 and 1.88, respectively); however, the risk markedly reduced if the SGLT2is regimen was used for more than 2 years (aHR 0.41, 95% Cl 0.35-0.48; P < 0.001). The serial sensitivity analysis showed consistent findings. The aHR of DR progression was 0.82 for the SGLT2is cohort relative to the non-SGLT2is cohort based on the fundoscopy or indirect ophthalmoscopy findings within 1 year before the outcome date (95% Cl 0.71-0.95; P = 0.009). Co-administration of metformin and SGLT2is may reduce the risk of DR progression. Short-term use of SGLT2is may markedly increase the risk of DR, whereas prolonged use SGLT2is may significantly decrease it.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.