ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Important denominator between autoimmune comorbidities: a review of class II HLA, autoimmune disease, and the gut.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autologous fecal microbiota capsules are safe and potentially preserve beta-cell function in individuals with type 1 diabetes.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- [Role of HLA genetic variants in autoimmune diseases].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Frontier research and clinical application prospects of microbiome biomarkers in autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Whole-Exome Sequencing: Discovering Genetic Causes of Granulomatous Mastitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Beyond gluten: the multifaceted regulation of MHC class II in celiac disease pathogenesis.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2025Review
- Interacting roles of gut microbiota and T cells in the development of autoimmune hepatitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Autoantibody production in pregnancy: relationship with mRNA BNT162b2 immunization, active COVID-19, and pre-eclampsia.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Potential contribution of gut microbiota in the development of autoantibodies in T1D children carrying HLA-DRB1/DQB1 risk alleles: an experimental and in silico analysis.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Microbiota and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL); More than a Simple Connection.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Galectin-1 correlates with inflammatory markers and T regulatory cells in children with type 1 diabetes and/or celiac disease.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Immunological Profile and Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter study in Brazil.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Causal relationship between gut microbiota and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a genetic correlation and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The effect of HLA genotype on disease onset and severity in CTLA-4 insufficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Crossroads between Skin and Endocrine Glands: The Interplay of Lichen Planus with Thyroid Anomalies.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with more diseases than any other region of the genome. Highly polymorphic HLA genes produce variable haplotypes that are specifically correlated with pathogenically different autoimmunities. Despite differing etiologies, however, many autoimmune disorders share the same risk-associated HLA haplotypes often resulting in comorbidity. This shared risk remains an unanswered question in the field. Yet, several groups have revealed links between gut microbial community composition and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity is frequently associated with dysbiosis, resulting in loss of barrier function and permeability of tight junctions, which increases HLA class II expression levels and thus further influences the composition of the gut microbiome. However, autoimmune-risk-associated HLA haplotypes are connected to gut dysbiosis long before autoimmunity even begins. This review evaluates current research on the HLA-microbiome-autoimmunity triplex and proposes that pre-autoimmune bacterial dysbiosis in the gut is an important determinant between autoimmune comorbidities with systemic inflammation as a common denominator.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.