Observational studyAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2024
Heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal observational study.
Observational study in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of antidiabetic drugs in Alzheimer´s disease: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Pooled it
- GLP-1 receptor agonists and acute diabetes complications in adults with type 1 diabetes.iScience · 2026Article
- Immunosenescence in aging and neurodegenerative diseases: evidence, key hallmarks, and therapeutic implications.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Acute Diabetes Complications in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Target Trial Emulation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- From Diabetes to Degenerative Diseases: The Multifaceted Action of Metformin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Metformin's Effects on Cognitive Function from a Biovariance Perspective: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Machine-learning approaches to predict individualized treatment effect using a randomized controlled trial.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Mitochondria and the Repurposing of Diabetes Drugs for Off-Label Health Benefits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal observational study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Observational
- Novel targets and therapies of metformin in dementia: old drug, new insights.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Risk factors for methotrexate resistance in low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia patients (FIGO score 0-4).American journal of cancer research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLittle is known about the heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on dementia risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
methodsParticipants (≥ 50 years) with T2D and normal cognition at baseline were identified from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database (2005-2021). We applied a doubly robust learning approach to estimate risk differences (RD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for dementia risk between metformin use and no use in the overall population and subgroups identified through a decision tree model.
resultsAmong 1393 participants, 104 developed dementia over a 4-year median follow-up. Metformin was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in the overall population (RD, -3.2%; 95% CI, -6.2% to -0.2%). We identified four subgroups with varied risks for dementia, defined by neuropsychiatric disorders, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressant use. DISCUSSION: Metformin use was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in individuals with T2D, with significant variability among subgroups.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.