Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37880588›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2023

Hypovitaminosis D in persons with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.

Natalie K Boyd, Julia Nguyen, Mellad M Khoshnood, Timothy Jiang, Lina Nguyen, Lorena Mendez, Noemi A Spinazzi, Melanie A Manning, Michael S Rafii, Jonathan D Santoro

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024
    Review
  4. Before leg pain and paraparesis are attributed to vitamin C deficiency alone, comorbidities and cocausalities must be considered and ruled out.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2024
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Natalie K BoydDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Julia NguyenPrinceton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Mellad M KhoshnoodDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Timothy JiangDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Lina NguyenDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Lorena MendezDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
Noemi A SpinazziDepartment of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA.
Melanie A ManningDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Michael S RafiiDepartment of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jonathan D SantoroDivision of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. santoroj@usc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8234
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles · USUniversity of Southern California · USPrinceton University · USStanford University · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPlasma levels of vitamin D have been reported to be low in persons with Down syndrome (DS) and existing data is limited to small and homogenous cohorts. This is of particular importance in persons with DS given the high rates of autoimmune disease in this population and the known relationship between vitamin D and immune function. This study sought to investigate vitamin D status in a multi-center cohort of individuals with DS and compare them to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) controls.

methodsA retrospective, multi-center review was performed. The three sites were located at latitudes of 42.361145, 37.44466, and 34.05349. Patients were identified by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 or ICD-10 codes for DS, ASD, or well-child check visits for NT individuals. The first vitamin D 25-OH level recorded in the electronic medical record (EMR) was used in this study as it was felt to be the most reflective of a natural and non-supplemented state. Vitamin D 25-OH levels below 30 ng/mL were considered deficient.

resultsIn total, 1624 individuals with DS, 5208 with ASD, and 30,775 NT controls were identified. Individuals with DS had the lowest mean level of vitamin D 25-OH at 20.67 ng/mL, compared to those with ASD (23.48 ng/mL) and NT controls (29.20 ng/mL) (p < 0.001, 95% CI: -8.97 to -6.44). A total of 399 (24.6%) individuals with DS were considered vitamin D deficient compared to 1472 (28.3%) with ASD and 12,397 (40.3%) NT controls (p < 0.001, 95% CI: -5.43 to -2.36). Individuals with DS with higher body mass index (BMI) were found to be more likely to have lower levels of vitamin D (p < 0.001, 95% CI: -0.3849 to -0.1509). Additionally, having both DS and a neurologic diagnosis increased the likelihood of having lower vitamin D levels (p < 0.001, 95% CI: -5.02 to -1.28). Individuals with DS and autoimmune disease were much more likely to have lower vitamin D levels (p < 0.001, 95% CI: -6.22 to -1.55). Similarly, a history of autoimmunity in a first-degree relative also increased the likelihood of having lower levels of vitamin D in persons with DS (p = 0.01, 95% CI: -2.45 to -0.63).

conclusionsIndividuals with DS were noted to have hypovitaminosis D in comparison to individuals with ASD and NT controls. Associations between vitamin D deficiency and high BMI, personal autoimmunity, and familial autoimmunity were present in individuals with DS.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAutoimmune DiseasesDown SyndromeVitamin D DeficiencyHumansRetrospective StudiesVitamin DVitamin DAutism spectrum disorderAutoimmuneDown syndromeImmunityNeurodevelopmentalTrisomy 21Vitamin D 25-OH

Identifiers

PMID37880588
PMCPMC10599027
OpenAlexW4387948419

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.