ArticleDiabetes research and clinical practice2023
Cost and utilization of healthcare services for persons with diabetes.
Article in Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of glycemic control and chronic kidney disease with hospitalization in type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional study in Region Halland.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Review
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- The effect of community-based health insurance on out-of-pocket expenditure among diabetic patients at hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital: facility-based comparative cross-sectional study.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Social Determinants of Health Impact on Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Outcomes Early after Diagnosis.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Article
- Identifying Provider Prescribing Practices for GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes to Address Pharmacoinequity.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Financial factors: a mixed methods survey-based study of barriers and facilitators to physical activity in type 1 diabetes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Insulin Rationing Persists Despite Policy Changes: Repeated Cross-Sectional Studies, 2017 vs 2024.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Post-operative anticoagulation therapy after knee or hip replacement: The role of patients' preferences in selection of therapy.Research square · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsDescribe and compare healthcare costs and utilization for insured persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and without diabetes in the United States.
methodsUsing a nationally representative healthcare claims database, we identified matched persons with T1D, T2D, and without diabetes using a propensity score quasi-randomization technique. In each year between 2009 and 2018, we report costs (total and out-of-pocket) and utilization for all healthcare services and those specific to medications, diabetes-related supplies, visits to providers, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits.
resultsIn 2018, we found out-of-pocket costs and total costs were highest for persons with T1D (out-of-pocket: $2,037.2, total: $25,652.0), followed by T2D (out-of-pocket: $1,543.3, total: $22,408.1), and without diabetes (out-of-pocket: $1,122.7, total: $14,220.6). From 2009 to 2018, out-of-pocket costs were increasing for persons with T1D(+6.5 %) but decreasing for T2D (-7.5 %) and without diabetes (-2.3 %). Medication costs made up the largest proportion of out-of-pocket costs regardless of diabetes status (T1D: 51.4 %, T2D: 55.4 %,without diabetes: 51.1 %).
conclusionsGiven the substantial out-of-pocket costs for people with diabetes, especially for those with T1D, providers should screen all persons with diabetes for financial toxicity (i.e., wide-ranging problems stemming from healthcare costs). In addition, policies that aim to lower out-of-pocket costs of cost-effective diabetes related healthcare are needed with a particular focus on medications.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.