Mechanisms of single herbs and herbal pairs in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia: An integrated review.

Background: The pathogenesis of hyperplasia of mammary glands (HMG) is a complex process, involving multiple links and systems within the body. Current clinical research indicates that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) demonstrates a significant therapeutic effect in treating HMG. Single herbs or herbal pairs (two herbs) are the basic units of preventing and treating HMG. It is of great significance to explore the mechanism of single herbs or herbal pairs in treating HMG for clarifying the mechanism of preventing HMG with TCM. Purpose: This study aimed to review the literature, summarize the known mechanisms of single herbs and herbal pair therapy for treating hyperplasia of mammary glands (HMG), and elucidate the relevant substances involved within and outside the body during these treatments. Study design: In this study, the action mechanism of single herbs or herbal pairs in treating HMG was selected as the research object. English articles were mainly selected and Chinese articles were supplemented. We conducted a literature search in PubMed, CNKI, WanFang Database, etc，including full-text studies published between January 1992 and December 31, 2022. The primary literature was carefully screened, and the mechanism of action was explored by logical analysis. Methods: We conducted a literature review focusing on basic studies that explored the mechanisms underlying the effects of herbal treatments for mammary gland hyperplasia. The literature search was performed in PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang Database, covering full-text articles published from January 1992 to 31 December 2022, using various keywords (e.g., hyperplasia of mammary glands, single herb, herbal pair, effect, mechanism, inclusion criteria). Exclusion criteria were also set. We employed methods such as literature measurement, literature research, and content analysis to logically analyze, induce, and deduce the findings of the collected literature. Results: This review reveals that several distinct mechanisms contribute to the beneficial effects of single herbs or herbal pairs on the recovery of mammary gland hyperplasia. Regarding hormone levels, Chinese herbs can decrease hormones such as Estradiol(E2) and Prolactin(PRL), increase Progesterone(P) levels, balance the E2/P ratio, reduce the expression of sex hormone receptors, and lessen the self-sensitivity of breast tissue under the influence of E2. Histologically, Chinese herbs can inhibit breast neovascularization and alleviate blood viscosity. At the cellular level, Chinese herbs can modulate the expression of apoptosis genes and proteins, decrease cell proliferation activity, and ultimately inhibit or even reverse breast hyperplasia. From a pharmacological perspective, Chinese herbs exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-regulating properties. Conclusion: The evidence in this review demonstrates the effectiveness of single herbs or herbal pairs in preventing and treating mammary gland hyperplasia, with precise underlying mechanisms.