ArticleInjury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention2024
Conceptual definition for drowning prevention: a Delphi study.
Article in Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Construction of an Interpretive Structural Model-Analytic Network Process model for preschool children's drowning risk factors based on the Haddon matrix.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Shaping global strategy, mobilising for local action: reflections from the World Conference on Drowning Prevention 2023.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Unintentional drowning fatalities in Sweden between 2002 and 2021.BMC public health · 2024Article
- A framework for identifying opportunities for multisectoral action for drowning prevention in health and sustainable development agendas: a multimethod approach.BMJ global health · 2024Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundExpanding support for drowning prevention is evidenced by interlinked Resolutions at the United Nations (2021) and World Health Assembly (2023). While progress has accelerated, a universally agreed definition for drowning prevention remains absent. Here, we aim to develop a conceptual definition of drowning prevention using the Delphi method.
methodsFirst, we conducted a document review to guide our development and consensus-building process. Then, we formed an advisory group and recruited participants with diverse expertise to contribute to Delphi-method surveys. In the first round, participants selected from draft concepts to build a definition and delineate between the terms drowning prevention and water safety. In the second round, we presented a codeveloped definition, and three statements based on first-round findings. We then sought participant feedback where ≥70% support was considered consensus-based agreement.
resultsParticipants (n=134) were drawn from community (7.46%), policy (26.87%), research (40.30%) and technical backgrounds (25.37%), and low-income and middle-income countries (38.06%). In the first- round, half (50.74%) disagreed with the proposition that drowning prevention was synonymous to water safety, while 40.30% agreed. The second- round achieved consensus-based agreement (97.27%) for the definition: Drowning prevention is defined as a multidisciplinary approach that reduces drowning risk and builds resilience by implementing evidence-informed measures that address hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities to protect an individual, community or population against fatal and non-fatal drowning.
conclusionThe Delphi method enabled the codevelopment of our conceptual definition for drowning prevention. Agreement on the definition forms the basis for strengthened multisectoral action, and partnerships with health and sustainable development agendas. Defining drowning prevention in terms of vulnerability and exposure might increase focus on social determinants and other upstream factors critical to prevention efforts.
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