ArticleBMJ mental health2023
Socioeconomic status and severe mental disorders: a bidirectional multivariable Mendelian randomisation study.
Article in BMJ mental health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns of multimorbidity, their outcomes and analytical methods for their determination: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Causal relationships between neuropsychiatric disorders and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Pooled it
- The role of socioeconomic status and pre-pregnancy BMI in postpartum psychiatric episodes - a mediation study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Splitting schizophrenia: divergent cognitive and educational outcomes revealed by genomic structural equation modelling.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between socioeconomic factors and mental symptoms highlight whole-body correlates and pathways.iScience · 2026Article
- Socio-economic position and healthy ageing across the life course: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Article
- The mediating role of rehabilitation status on the association between socioeconomic status and quality of life among individuals with severe mental illness.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Causal Relationships Between Retinal Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders Have Implications for Precision Psychiatry.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Home, school, and the hidden cost of parental mental health.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Examining the genetic relationship between Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and their shared risk factors using genomic structural equation modelling.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Phenome-wide investigation of bidirectional causal relationships between major depressive disorder and common human diseases.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the evidence supporting the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and severe mental disorders (SMD), the directionality of the associations between income or education and mental disorders is still poorly understood.
objectiveTo investigate the potential bidirectional causal relationships between genetic liability to the two main components of SES (income and educational attainment (EA)) on three SMD: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD) and depression.
methodsWe performed a bidirectional, two-sample univariable Mendelian randomisation (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomisation (MVMR) study using SES phenotypes (income, n=397 751 and EA, n=766 345) and SMD (schizophrenia, n=127 906; BD, n=51 710 and depression, n=500 119) genome-wide association studies summary-statistics to dissect the potential direct associations of income and EA with SMD.
findingsUVMR showed that genetic liability to higher income was associated with decreased risk of schizophrenia and depression, with a smaller reverse effect of schizophrenia and depression on income. Effects were comparable after adjusting for EA in the MVMR. UMVR showed bidirectional negative associations between genetic liability to EA and depression and positive associations between genetic liability to EA and BD, with no significant effects on schizophrenia. After accounting for income, MVMR showed a bidirectional positive direction between genetic liability to EA and BD and schizophrenia but not with depression.
conclusionsOur results suggest a heterogeneous link pattern between SES and SMD. We found a negative bidirectional association between genetic liability to income and the risk of schizophrenia and depression. On the contrary, we found a positive bidirectional relationship of genetic liability to EA with schizophrenia and BD, which only becomes apparent after adjusting for income in the case of schizophrenia. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings shed light on the directional mechanisms between social determinants and mental disorders and suggest that income and EA should be studied separately in relation to mental illness.
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