ReviewCurrent neuropharmacology2024
Immunomodulatory Effects of Clozapine: More Than Just a Side Effect in Schizophrenia.
Review in Current neuropharmacology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clozapine and anti-cancer agents: a systematic literature review of case reports.CNS spectrums · 2025Pooled it
- The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations over 6 months of treatment with clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal brain structural changes during clozapine treatment: associations with neuroreceptor architecture and clinical response.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- New Advances in Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Clozapine Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Modulating Cholinergic Function, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Signaling in Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Pathobiological Underpinnings of Psychosis: From the Stress-Related Hypothesis to a Multisystemic Approach.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Impact of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination on hematological parameters in patients maintained on clozapine: A retrospective study from Qatar.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- A Multi-Omics Integration Framework with Automated Machine Learning Identifies Peripheral Immune-Coagulation Biomarkers for Schizophrenia Risk Stratification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Pilot study of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers reveals inflammatory changes in patients with paranoid schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- COVID-19 disease outcomes in patients receiving clozapine versus other antipsychotics: a national study in Qatar.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Impact of second-generation antipsychotics monotherapy or combined therapy in cytokine, lymphocyte subtype, and thyroid antibodies for schizophrenia: a retrospective study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Antipsychotic-Related DRESS Syndrome: Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports of the WHO Pharmacovigilance Database.Drug safety · 2024Article
- Haloperidol, Olanzapine, and Risperidone Induce Morphological Changes in an In Vitro Model of Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a possible relationship between the immune system and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), as neuroinflammation appears to play a role in major psychiatric conditions. Neuroinflammation is as a broad concept representing a physiological protective response to infection or injury, but in some cases, especially if chronic, it may represent an expression of maladaptive processes, potentially driving to clinical dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Several studies are concurrently highlighting the importance of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in a huge number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as SSDs. A more fundamental phenomenon of maladaptive coupling of microglia may contribute to the genesis of dysfunctional brain inflammation involved in SSDs, from the onset of their neurophenomenological evolution. Clozapine and other antipsychotic drugs seem to express a provable immunomodulant effect and a more specific action on microglia, while neuroactive steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce some SSDs symptoms in add-on therapy. Given these theoretical premises, this article aims to summarize and interpret the available scientific evidence about psychotropic and anti-inflammatory drugs that could express an immunomodulant activity on microglia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.