Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38055113›Full record

SynthesisWorld journal of pediatrics : WJP2024

Risk factors for long COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Daniel G Rayner, Elaine Wang, Cloris Su, Om D Patel, Stephanie Aleluya, Alessandra Giglia, Evelyn Zhu, Maha Siddique

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in World journal of pediatrics : WJP, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
3.9field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Daniel G RaynerDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. rayned1@mcmaster.ca.ORCID 0000-0001-6699-3090
Elaine WangFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Cloris SuFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Om D PatelFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Stephanie AleluyaFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Alessandra GigliaFaculty of Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Evelyn ZhuFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Maha SiddiqueFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
McMaster University · CAImpact · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe long-term sequelae of COVID-19 in children and adolescents remain poorly understood and characterized. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to summarize the risk factors for long COVID in the pediatric population.

methodsWe searched six databases from January 2020 to May 2023 for observational studies reporting on risk factors for long COVID or persistent symptoms those were present 12 or more weeks post-infection using multivariable regression analyses. Trial registries, reference lists of included studies, and preprint servers were hand-searched for relevant studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool odds ratios for each risk factor. Individual study risk of bias was rated using QUIPS, and the GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each unique factor.

resultsSixteen observational studies (N = 46,262) were included, and 19 risk factors were amenable to meta-analysis. With moderate certainty in the evidence, age (per 2-year increase), allergic rhinitis, obesity, previous respiratory diseases, hospitalization, severe acute COVID-19, and symptomatic acute COVID-19 are probably associated with an increased risk of long COVID. Female sex, asthma, comorbidity, and heart diseases may be associated with an increased risk of long COVID, and Asian and Black races may be associated with a decreased risk of long COVID. We did not observe any credible subgroup effects for any risk factor.

conclusionsThe current body of literature presents several compelling risk factors for the development of long COVID in the pediatric population. Further research is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiology of long COVID.

Indexed as

COVID-19AdolescentChildHumansPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeRisk FactorsCOVID-19Long COVIDPediatricsPost-acute COVID-19 syndromeRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID38055113
OpenAlexW4389397238

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.