ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2024
Endocarditis, drug use and biological sex: A statewide analysis comparing sex differences in drug use-associated infective endocarditis with other drug-related harms.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Substance Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis Mortality in Young U.S. Adults, 2018 to 2024.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Intersectional Demographic Trends in Infective Endocarditis Among Adults in the US, 2012-2021.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- "It Eats My Heart": Identifying Knowledge Gaps in Injection Drug-Related Endocarditis Among Hospitalized Patients.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- Comparison of Outcomes of Percutaneous Mechanical Aspiration vs Tricuspid Valve Surgery in Drug Use-Associated Endocarditis of the Tricuspid Valve.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Infective Endocarditis and Serious Injection Related Infections Among People Who Inject Drugs in Los Angeles, CA and Denver, CO.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Exploring sex differences in infective endocarditis - a prospective, observational study from Western Norway.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesHospitalizations for drug use-associated infective endocarditis (DUA-IE) have risen sharply across the United States over the past decade. The sex composition of DUA-IE remains less clear, and studies have indicated a possible shift to more females. We aimed to compare more recent statewide hospitalization rates for DUA-IE in females versus males and contextualize them among other drug-related harms in North Carolina (NC).
methodsThis study was a retrospective analysis using public health datasets of all NC hospital discharges for infective endocarditis from 2016 to 2020. Drug use-related hospitalizations were identified using ICD-10-CM codes. Discharge rates by year and sex for DUA-IE and non-DUA-IE were calculated and compared to fatal overdoses and acute hepatitis C (HCV). Temporal, demographic, and pregnancy trends were also assessed.
resultsHospitalizations rates for DUA-IE were 9.7 per 100,000 over the five-year period, and 1.2 times higher among females than males. Females composed 57% of DUA-IE hospitalizations over the period. Conversely, fatal overdose, acute HCV, and non-DUA-IE hospitalization rates were higher among males. Age, county of residence, and pregnancy status did not explain the higher DUA-IE among females.
conclusionFemales now comprise the majority of DUA-IE hospitalizations in NC, unlike other drug-related harms. No clear demographic or geographic associations were found, and further research is needed to explain this phenomenon. Preventing invasive infections among females who inject drugs should be prioritized.
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