ReviewNMR in biomedicine2024
Four-dimensional flow MRI for quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics: Status and opportunities.
Review in NMR in biomedicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glymphatic function in humans: indicators, modulators, and measurement strategies.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Leptomeningeal fibroblasts promote glioblastoma progression by regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Regional Cerebrospinal Fluid Motility as a Key Determinant of Soluble Amyloid-β Levels and Kinetics.Research square · 2026Article
- Editorial for "Hemodynamic Mechanisms in Venous Pulsatile Tinnitus: A 4D Flow MRI Analysis of Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Abnormalities".Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Moving on in hydrocephalus imaging: from 2D to 3D biomarkers.Acta neurochirurgica · 2026Review
- Four-dimensional flow MRI for identifying high-risk esophageal varices: a comparison and combination with spleen volume and splenic extracellular volume fraction.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Physical exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy to enhance glymphatic function.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Mapping subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic multiphysics modeling reveals how blood pulsation drives CSF flow, pressure, and brain deformation under physiological and injection conditions.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Patient-specific CFD modeling of CSF flow in Chiari I malformation: denticulate-ligament-induced compartmentalization explains flow patterns.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Lateralized cerebral arterial blood flow and blood pressure adaptations to short-term head-down tilt: a 4D flow MRI study with cognitive function assessment.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Exploratory assessment of cerebrospinal fluid-related microdynamics after mild traumatic brain injury using intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Imaging blood to periarterial CSF flow coupling using 4D flow MRI and an ultra-high-performance head-only gradient system.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Quantitative evaluation of low-frequency oscillations using real-time phase-contrast MRI during drowsiness.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow and Vorticity in Hydrocephalus on 4-Dimensional Flow MRI.Neurosurgery practice · 2025Article
- Editorial: Cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging in Chiari Malformation type 1.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- U-Net-Based Prediction of Cerebrospinal Fluid Distribution and Ventricular Reflux Grading.NMR in biomedicine · 2025Article
- Modeling dynamic inflow effects in fMRI to quantify cerebrospinal fluid flow.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Simultaneous coherent-incoherent motion imaging in brain parenchyma.Interface focus · 2025Article
- The pulsing brain: state of the art and an interdisciplinary perspective.Interface focus · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Neurological disorders can manifest with altered neurofluid dynamics in different compartments of the central nervous system. These include alterations in cerebral blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, and tissue biomechanics. Noninvasive quantitative assessment of neurofluid flow and tissue motion is feasible with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI). While two-dimensional (2D) PC MRI is routinely utilized in research and clinical settings to assess flow dynamics through a single imaging slice, comprehensive neurofluid dynamic assessment can be limited or impractical. Recently, four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI (or time-resolved three-dimensional PC with three-directional velocity encoding) has emerged as a powerful extension of 2D PC, allowing for large volumetric coverage of fluid velocities at high spatiotemporal resolution within clinically reasonable scan times. Yet, most 4D flow studies have focused on blood flow imaging. Characterizing CSF flow dynamics with 4D flow (i.e., 4D CSF flow) is of high interest to understand normal brain and spine physiology, but also to study neurological disorders such as dysfunctional brain metabolite waste clearance, where CSF dynamics appear to play an important role. However, 4D CSF flow imaging is challenged by the long T1 time of CSF and slower velocities compared with blood flow, which can result in longer scan times from low flip angles and extended motion-sensitive gradients, hindering clinical adoption. In this work, we review the state of 4D CSF flow MRI including challenges, novel solutions from current research and ongoing needs, examples of clinical and research applications, and discuss an outlook on the future of 4D CSF flow.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.