Evidence mapPaperPMID 38212644Full record

ReviewInternational journal of obesity (2005)2024

Obesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity.

Jerrold J Heindel, Robert H Lustig, Sarah Howard, Barbara E Corkey

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of obesity (2005), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed
26.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

48 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
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  11. International journal of medical sciences · 2026
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  20. Exploring the inhibitory effects ofFood science and biotechnology · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Jerrold J HeindelHealthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS), Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA. jheindel@ehsciences.org.ORCID 0000-0002-0719-6523
Robert H LustigDepartment of Pediatrics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
Sarah HowardHealthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS), Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
Barbara E CorkeyDepartment of Medicine, Boston University, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
Boston University · USHealth Strat (Kenya) · KEUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK098722
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite varied treatment, mitigation, and prevention efforts, the global prevalence and severity of obesity continue to worsen. Here we propose a combined model of obesity, a unifying paradigm that links four general models: the energy balance model (EBM), based on calories as the driver of weight gain; the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), based on insulin as a driver of energy storage; the oxidation-reduction model (REDOX), based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a driver of altered metabolic signaling; and the obesogens model (OBS), which proposes that environmental chemicals interfere with hormonal signaling leading to adiposity. We propose a combined OBS/REDOX model in which environmental chemicals (in air, food, food packaging, and household products) generate false autocrine and endocrine metabolic signals, including ROS, that subvert standard regulatory energy mechanisms, increase basal and stimulated insulin secretion, disrupt energy efficiency, and influence appetite and energy expenditure leading to weight gain. This combined model incorporates the data supporting the EBM and CIM models, thus creating one integrated model that covers significant aspects of all the mechanisms potentially contributing to the obesity pandemic. Importantly, the OBS/REDOX model provides a rationale and approach for future preventative efforts based on environmental chemical exposure reduction.

Indexed as

Environmental ExposureObesityEnergy MetabolismHumansInsulinReactive Oxygen SpeciesWeight GainInsulinReactive Oxygen Species

Identifiers

PMID38212644
PMCPMC10978495
OpenAlexW4390776789

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.