ReviewExpert review of clinical pharmacology
An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations.
Review in Expert review of clinical pharmacology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reported associations between kratom and seizures: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Assessment of Abuse Potential-Related Effects of Oral Dried Kratom Leaf Powder in Healthy Normal Participants Following Single and Multiple Daily Doses.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Trial
- Effects of Botanical Variation, Plant Part, and Extraction Technique on Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Kratom Use and Associations With Mental Health in the United States.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Mitragynine and Morphine Stabilize Different Conformations of the μ‑Opioid Receptor as Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Identification and Characterization of Mitragynine or 7-Hydroxymitraynine Oral Dosage Form Products That Appeal to Children.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Multifaceted modulation of human opioid receptors by kratom alkaloids: binding affinity, functional selectivity, and allosteric activity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Review of Kratom Product Evolution and Its Associated Health Outcomes.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2026Review
- In Vitro Pharmacology of Mitragynine at α-Adrenoceptors.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Clinically characterizing adults who use kava or kratom: Substance use disorder assessment challenges for increasingly popular botanical products.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- From kratom to 7-hydroxymitragynine: evolution of a natural remedy into a public-health threat.Pharmaceutical biology · 2025Review
- Is bedtime use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) a sleep aid or disruptor? Examining its daily effects and individual differences.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- An exploratory study of the safety profile and neurocognitive function after single doses of mitragynine in humans.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Kratom's Use and Impact on Pediatric Populations.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2025Article
- Alkaloid biosynthesis in medicinal crop kratom (Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Time course of kratom effects via ecological momentary assessment, by product type, dose amount, and assayed alkaloid content.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- [Kratom-From natural remedy to addictive drug and back].Der Nervenarzt · 2024Review
- Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Kratom as a potential substance use disorder harm reduction agent.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Commentary: Presence of kratom in opioid overdose deaths: findings from coroner postmortem toxicological report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedCorrection.2025
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionKratom ( AREAS COVERED: The focus of this review is on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and potential drug-drug interactions of kratom and its individual alkaloids. A discussion on the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of kratom is followed by a summary of user surveys and the evolving concepts of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal associated with kratom use disorder. EXPERT OPINION: With the increasing use of kratom in clinical practice, clinicians should be aware of the potential benefits and adverse effects associated with kratom. While many patients may benefit from kratom use with few or no reported adverse effects, escalating dose and increased use frequency raise the risk for toxic events in the setting of polysubstance use or development of a use disorder.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.