Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38225408›Full record

ArticleNature human behaviour2024

More than nature and nurture, indirect genetic effects on children's academic achievement are consequences of dynastic social processes.

Michel G Nivard, Daniel W Belsky, K Paige Harden, Tina Baier, Ole A Andreassen, Eivind Ystrøm, Elsje van Bergen, Torkild H Lyngstad

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature human behaviour, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed
25.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Estimating uncertainty in family-based GWAS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  11. Quantifying direct genetic signal captured by principal component adjustment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  12. Indirect Genetic Effects on Alcohol Use Disorder and Nicotine Dependence.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  13. Estimating returns to education using the genetic lottery.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Confounding fuels misinterpretation in human genetics.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  18. The genetic lottery goes to school: Better schools compensate for the effects of students' genetic differences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  19. Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.

Michel G NivardDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1888
Daniel W BelskyDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
K Paige HardenDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-6737
Tina BaierDepartment of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Ole A AndreassenNORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Eivind YstrømPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-6171
Elsje van BergenDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5860-5745
Torkild H LyngstadDepartment of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. t.h.lyngstad@sosgeo.uio.no.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-9305
University of Oslo · NOVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLColumbia University · USNorwegian Institute of Public Health · NOOslo University Hospital · NOThe University of Texas at Austin · US

Funding

Scientific & Technical CoreP2CHD042849 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI MARK D. HAYWARD · 2017 to 2026
$5.2M
The MyGoals for Healthy Aging Multi-Center Randomized Controlled TrialR01AG073402 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI Daniel Walker Belsky · 2022 to 2026
$3.6M
Genetic analysis of the Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study to Boost Rigor and Robustness for Testing In-Utero Famine Effects on Aging-Related Health Conditions and Biological AgingR01AG066887 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI BELSKY, DANIEL WALKER, LUMEY, L H · 2020 to 2024
$3.5M
Dissecting the Multivariate Genetic Architecture of Psychiatric DiseasesR01MH120219 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI NIVARD, MICHEL GUILLAUME, TUCKER-DROB, ELLIOT MAX · 2020 to 2024
$3.3M
Environmental, Genetic, and Epigenetic Mechanisms for Hormonal ChangeR01HD092548 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI HARDEN, KATHRYN PAIGE · 2019 to 2023
$3.0M
EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) 818420NIA NIH HHS R01 AG066887NIA NIH HHS R01 AG073402NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD042849NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD092548NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120219
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Families transmit genes and environments across generations. When parents' genetics affect their children's environments, these two modes of inheritance can produce an 'indirect genetic effect'. Such indirect genetic effects may account for up to half of the estimated genetic variance in educational attainment. Here we tested if indirect genetic effects reflect within-nuclear-family transmission ('genetic nurture') or instead a multi-generational process of social stratification ('dynastic effects'). We analysed indirect genetic effects on children's academic achievement in their fifth to ninth years of schooling in N = 37,117 parent-offspring trios in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We used pairs of genetically related families (parents were siblings, children were cousins; N = 10,913) to distinguish within-nuclear-family genetic-nurture effects from dynastic effects shared by cousins in different nuclear families. We found that indirect genetic effects on children's academic achievement cannot be explained by processes that operate exclusively within the nuclear family.

Indexed as

Academic SuccessAdolescentChildCohort StudiesFemaleGene-Environment InteractionHumansMaleNorwayNuclear Family

Identifiers

PMID38225408
PMCPMC11569812
OpenAlexW4390880491

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.