ArticleBMC oral health2024
M2 macrophages-derived exosomes regulate osteoclast differentiation by the CSF2/TNF-α axis.
Article in BMC oral health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular Vesicles for Treatment of Bone Resorption-Related Diseases in Animal Models: Systematic Review.Calcified tissue international · 2026Pooled it
- Macrophage-induced immunomodulation in oral tissue repair and regeneration: Recent advances and future perspectives.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Therapeutic strategy for exosome-based bone regeneration to osteoporosis: Challenges and potential solutions.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Non-Bone-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis: Evidence Mapping and Nanomedicine Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- RANKL-convergent osteoimmune network framework in osteoporosis: integrating macrophage activation, T-cell imbalance, and cytokine crosstalk.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exercise-induced osteoimmune crosstalk: a virtuous cycle between bone remodeling and immune regulation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Bone Infection: Mechanisms of Action, Engineering Strategies, and Translational Applications.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Effects of exosomes from different origins on osteoclasts.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Review
- Macrophages in osteoporotic fractures: from immunometabolic mechanisms to precision therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- From macrophage polarization to clinical translation: immunomodulatory hydrogels for infection-associated bone regeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes in the Control of the Musculoskeletal Health.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- Bone Regeneration Revolution: Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Modulates Macrophage-Derived Exosomes to Attenuate Osteoclastogenesis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Exosomal communication: a pivotal regulator of bone homeostasis and a potential therapeutic target.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs: Emerging insights into therapeutic potential and mechanisms in bone healing.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOsteoclast-mediated bone resorption cause bone loss in several bone diseases. Exosomes have been reported to regulate osteoclast differentiation. M2-polarized macrophages exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to explore the effect of exosomes from M2 polarized macrophages (M2-exos) on osteoclastogenesis and molecular mechanisms.
methodsM2-exos were isolated from IL-4-induced Raw264.7 cells (M2 macrophages) and used to treat osteoclasts (RANKL-induced Raw264.7 cells). Osteoclast differentiation was visualized using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was conducted to measure the levels of osteoclastogenesis-related genes. The underlying mechanisms of M2-exos were evaluated using qPCR and western blotting.
resultsM2-exos suppressed osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. Additionally, CSF2 was highly expressed in M2 macrophages, and knockdown of CSF2 further enhanced the effects of M2-exos on osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, CSF2 positively regulated TNF-α signaling, which inhibition promoted differentiation of M2-exo-treated osteoclasts.
conclusionM2-exos inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the CSF2 expression through inactivating the TNF-α signaling, suggesting the potential application of exosomes in bone disease therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.