ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Management of the refractory vitiligo patient: current therapeutic strategies and future options.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and dermoscopic assessment of the efficacy of topical trichloroacetic acid 70% versus methoxsalen 0.2% paint in stable acral vitiligo.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- International expert consensus on transdermal drug delivery technologies in dermatology.JAAD international · 2026Article
- Quality of life impairment in vitiligo: A comprehensive review of psychosocial and clinical determinants.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Review
- Acral Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Novel Therapeutic Advances.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in immune-mediated skin diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A 5-week low-dose prednisolone regimen for progressive vitiligo: efficacy and safety in a single-center cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Leflunomide-Mediated Immunomodulation Inhibits Lesion Progression in a Vitiligo Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Sensitivity and Specificity Analysis of Different Lesion Areas of Vitiligo by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Oral JAK Inhibitors in Pediatric Generalized Vitiligo Resistant to Conventional Treatment: A Case Series.Pediatric dermatologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that leads to disfiguring depigmented lesions of skin and mucosa. Although effective treatments are available for vitiligo, there are still some patients with poor responses to conventional treatment. Refractory vitiligo lesions are mostly located on exposed sites such as acral sites and lips, leading to significant life stress. Understanding the causes of refractory vitiligo and developing targeted treatments are essential to enhance vitiligo outcomes. In this review, we summarized recent treatment approaches and some potential methods for refractory vitiligo. Janus kinase inhibitors have shown efficacy in refractory vitiligo. A variety of surgical interventions and fractional carbon dioxide laser have been widely applied to combination therapies. Furthermore, melanocyte regeneration and activation therapies are potentially effective strategies. Patients with refractory vitiligo should be referred to psychological monitoring and interventions to reduce the potential pathogenic effects of chronic stress. Finally, methods for depigmentation and camouflage may be beneficial in achieving uniform skin color and improved quality of life. Our ultimate focus is to provide alternative options for refractory vitiligo and to bring inspiration to future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.