ArticleBMC cancer2024
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment between primary tumor and brain metastases in NSCLC.
Article in BMC cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning-based mapping of multimodal treatment allocations and prognostic implications of clinical concordance in non-small cell lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Guided immunotherapy for residual solid tumor: integrating platelets and CAR T cells to reduce post-surgical recurrence.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Nuclear PD-L1: an emerging oncogenic driver and promising therapeutic target in cancer.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Oncolytic viruses and cytokine-based gene therapies reprogram the tumor microenvironment.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Current Insights and Future Directions of Multiomic and Spatial-Omic Analysis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.JCO precision oncology · 2026Review
- Immune architecture of colorectal cancer brain metastases: spatial TAM heterogeneity and PD-L1 dynamics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: molecular subtypes and emerging CNS-directed precision therapies.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Characterisation and impact of intratumoural stroma in melanoma and carcinoma brain metastases.The journal of pathology. Clinical research · 2026Article
- Boosting brain tumor detection with an optimized ResNet and explainability via Grad-CAM and LIME.Brain informatics · 2025Article
- Spatial Omics Profiling of Treatment-Naïve Lung Adenocarcinoma with Brain Metastasis as the Initial Presentation.Cancers · 2025Article
- Tumour and microenvironment crosstalk in NSCLC progression and response to therapy.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Monoclonal antibody immune therapy response instrument for stratification and cost-effective personalized approaches in 3PM-guided pan cancer management.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- Review
- Density and entropy of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment of primary tumors and matched brain metastases.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Review
- The landscape and clinical impact of tumor-associated macrophages and PD-L1 in primary breast cancers and their brain metastases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrain metastasis is a common outcome in non-small cell lung cancer, and despite aggressive treatment, its clinical outcome is still frustrating. In recent years, immunotherapy has been developing rapidly, however, its therapeutic outcomes for primary lung cancer and brain metastases are not the same, suggesting that there may be differences in the immune microenvironment of primary lung cancer and brain metastases, however, we currently know little about these differences.
methodsSeventeen paired samples of NSCLC and their brain metastases and 45 other unpaired brain metastases samples were collected for the current study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on all samples for the following markers: immune checkpoints CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1, and EphA2; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20; tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) CD68 and CD163; and tumor proliferation index Ki-67. The differences in expression of these markers were compared in 17 paired samples, and the effect of the expression level of these markers on the prognosis of patients was analyzed in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases samples. Subsequently, multiplex immunofluorescence staining was performed in a typical lung-brain paired sample based on the aforementioned results. The multiplex immunofluorescence staining results revealed the difference in tumor immune microenvironment between primary NSCLC and brain metastases.
resultsIn 17 paired lesions, the infiltration of CTLA-4
conclusionsBoth temporal and spatial heterogeneity is present between the primary tumor and brain metastases of NCSLC. Brain metastases lesions exhibit a more immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment. B7-H4 and CD68
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.