ArticleMedical review (2021)2023
Macrophages and microglia in inflammation and neuroinflammation underlying different pain states.
Article in Medical review (2021), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroimmune alterations and nociceptive behavior in oral carcinogenesis in rats.European journal of oral sciences · 2026Article
- NET-mediated immunothrombosis in ischemic stroke: pathobiology, biomarkers, and therapeutic targeting.Thrombosis journal · 2026Review
- Long-Term Follow-Up of Women with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A 16-Year Longitudinal Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Protectin DX resolves fracture-induced postoperative pain in mice via neuronal signaling and GPR37-activated macrophage efferocytosis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Neutrophil extracellular traps and microglia/macrophages interactions in stroke: from thromboinflammation to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Specialized Proresolving Mediator Maresin 1 Alleviated Neuropathic Pain Exacerbated by High-Fat Diet via Regulating Neuroinflammation.Pain research & management · 2026Article
- Potential mechanisms of acupuncture in regulating neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic pain: a narrative review of preclinical, clinical, and translational evidence.American journal of translational research · 2026Review
- Sex-specific lateralization of the effects of exogenously-induced neuroimmune activation in the amygdala on pain-like behaviors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Transferrin-phosphatidylserine liposomes target TDP-43 and neuroinflammation in male mice with neuropathic pain.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Precision Glyco-Modulation of Macrophages with EF-M2 (ImmutalonVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Do microglia exist in the peripheral nervous system?Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2025Review
- Spatial transcriptomic alterations of the dorsal horn in dogs with neuropathic pain.Pain reports · 2025Article
- Dual Role of the Spinal Endocannabinoid System in Response to Noxious Stimuli: Antinociceptive Pathways and Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Somatostatin Ameliorates Corneal Nerve Abnormalities and Inflammation Through Regulation of Macrophage Activities in Dry Eye Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Opposing roles of microglial and macrophagic C3ar1 signaling in stress-induced synaptic and behavioral changes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cellular Senescence in Neuropathic Pain: Mechanistic Crosstalk.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Neuronal Reg3β/macrophage TNF-α-mediated positive feedback signaling contributes to pain chronicity in a rat model of CRPS-I.Science advances · 2025Article
- Resveratrol: Harnessing Nature's Potential for Chronic Pain Relief.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Endothelin A receptor in nociceptors is essential for persistent mechanical pain in a chronic pancreatitis of mouse model.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Nanozymes in neuropathic pain: strategies bridging oxidative stress, mitochondrial repair, and neuroimmune modulation for targeted therapy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pain is a main symptom in inflammation, and inflammation induces pain via inflammatory mediators acting on nociceptive neurons. Macrophages and microglia are distinct cell types, representing immune cells and glial cells, respectively, but they share similar roles in pain regulation. Macrophages are key regulators of inflammation and pain. Macrophage polarization plays different roles in inducing and resolving pain. Notably, macrophage polarization and phagocytosis can be induced by specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). SPMs also potently inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via immunomodulation and neuromodulation. In this review, we discuss macrophage signaling involved in pain induction and resolution, as well as in maintaining physiological pain. Microglia are macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and drive neuroinflammation and pathological pain in various inflammatory and neurological disorders. Microglia-produced inflammatory cytokines can potently regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission as neuromodulators. We also highlight sex differences in macrophage and microglial signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Thus, targeting macrophage and microglial signaling in distinct locations via pharmacological approaches, including immunotherapies, and non-pharmacological approaches will help to control chronic inflammation and chronic pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.