ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2024
Educational Attainment and Later-Life Cognitive Function in High- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence From the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring the association between higher education and steeper cognitive decline in a nationally representative longitudinal study in India.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Socio-emotional well-being is associated with cognitive function and informant-rated cognitive decline: Results from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol in Europe.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2026Article
- Associations of childhood economic and psychosocial conditions with later-life cognitive function: a longitudinal analysis of the China health and retirement longitudinal study (2011-2020).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Enhancing Rural Children's Cognitive Abilities Through Teacher Support: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Longitudinal Data in China.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Dose-response and cumulative effects of educational attainment and occupational complexity on mid to late life cognitive performance in Brazil and Mexico.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Observational
- Own and parental schooling, gender, and cognitive performance based on the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) among older Chilean adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Trends and inequalities in the global burden of alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2021: a Chinese perspective.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Midlife cognitive testing in Africa: validity of the Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol in the Kenya Life Panel Survey.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Language, literacy, and sensory impairments and missing cognitive test scores in the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Causal Effects of Schooling on Memory at Older Ages in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Nonparametric Evidence With Harmonized Datasets.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Closing the gap in dementia research by community-based cohort studies in the Chinese population.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Review
- Type II diabetes and cognitive function among older adults in India and China-results from Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Education and age of decline in verbal memory across countries: Evidence from the HRS, MHAS, and CHARLS.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIdentifying social policies that can promote cognitive health is crucial for reducing the global burden of dementia. We evaluated the importance of educational attainment for later-life cognitive function in various social and geographic settings.
methodsUsing harmonized data for individuals aged ≥65 years from the United States Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its international partner studies in England, Mexico, China, and India, and each study's respective Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP), we conducted a cross-national comparative study to examine the role of educational attainment in later-life cognitive function across countries (n = 14,980, 2016-2019). We used multivariable-adjusted regression to estimate associations between educational attainment and harmonized global cognitive function scores.
resultsIn Mexico, China, and India, the general cognitive function scores on average are approximately one standard deviation of the HRS-HCAP cognitive function score distribution lower compared to the United States and England, paralleling patterns of educational attainment across countries. In all countries, higher educational attainment was associated with progressively higher later-life cognitive function scores. Population-level differences in educational attainment explained about 50%-90% of the observed differences in cognitive function scores across countries. DISCUSSION: The relationship between education and later-life cognitive function across social and geographic contexts underscores the crucial role of education to promote cognitive health and reduce dementia risk. Continual improvement of educational attainment in low- and middle-income settings may yield a significant pay-off in later-life cognitive health.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.