ReviewDiabetes care2024
The Glucose Management Indicator: Time to Change Course?
Review in Diabetes care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The therapeutic efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes: an updated meta-analysis with meta-regression.Endocrine · 2025Pooled it
- International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024 Diabetes Technologies: Glucose Monitoring.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2024Guideline
- Health-related quality of life in racial and ethnic minority adults with type 2 diabetes: validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-3L.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Effect of iGlarLixi on continuous glucose monitoring-measured time in range in insulin-naive adults with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Updated glucose management indicator (GMI) better aligns with HbADiabetologia · 2026Article
- Patterns of One-Year Change in HbA1c and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Metrics in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.Clinical chemistry · 2026Article
- Factors associated with discrepancy between glycated hemoglobin and glucose management indicator.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Effects of switching from MiniMed™ 770G to 780G on continuous glucose monitoring metrics and DTR-QOL scores: An observational study of Japanese people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Observational
- Lack of Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and Continuous Glucose Monitor Metrics Among Individuals with Prediabetes and Normoglycemia.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Association of HbADiabetologia · 2026Article
- CGM-derived average glucose is more strongly associated with microvascular complications than HbA1c in type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Observational
- Continuous glucose monitoring and microvascular complications in diabetes: Bridging glycemic metrics with clinical outcomes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Narrowing the A1c gap: Personalized modeling of HbA1c- continuous glucose monitor discordance in type 1 diabetes.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Comprehensive blood glucose level prediction from HbAScientific reports · 2026Article
- Glycated hemoglobin is not enough: The role of glycemia risk index for glycemic control assessment in type 1 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Managing discordance between HbADiabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Review
- Article
- Association between the GMI/HbA1c ratio and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes: impact of the fast-glycator phenotype across age groups.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Effects of switching from MiniMed™ 640G to 770G on continuous glucose monitoring metrics and DTR-QOL scores: An observational study of Japanese people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Observational
- Ethnic disparities in HbA1c and hypoglycemia among youth with type 1 diabetes: beyond access to technology, social deprivation and mean blood glucose.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Laboratory measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has, for decades, been the standard approach to monitoring glucose control in people with diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a revolutionary technology that can also aid in the monitoring of glucose control. However, there is uncertainty in how best to use CGM technology and its resulting data to improve control of glucose and prevent complications of diabetes. The glucose management indicator, or GMI, is an equation used to estimate HbA1c based on CGM mean glucose. GMI was originally proposed to simplify and aid in the interpretation of CGM data and is now provided on all standard summary reports (i.e., average glucose profiles) produced by different CGM manufacturers. This Perspective demonstrates that GMI performs poorly as an estimate of HbA1c and suggests that GMI is a concept that has outlived its usefulness, and it argues that it is preferable to use CGM mean glucose rather than converting glucose to GMI or an estimate of HbA1c. Leaving mean glucose in its raw form is simple and reinforces that glucose and HbA1c are distinct. To reduce patient and provider confusion and optimize glycemic management, mean CGM glucose, not GMI, should be used as a complement to laboratory HbA1c testing in patients using CGM systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.