ArticleEuropean journal of preventive cardiology2024
Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Article in European journal of preventive cardiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The diagnostic value and mechanistic role of miR-20b-5p in premature coronary artery disease.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Atherogenic lipid parameters in people with normal glucose tolerance: implications from elevated 1-hour post-load plasma glucose.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Association of the atherogenic index of plasma with frailty in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsElevated small dense LDL cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although coronary artery calcification (CAC) is widely used for predicting CVD events, few studies have examined the relationship between sd-LDL-C and CAC. METHODS AND
resultsThis study included 4672 individuals with directly measured baseline sd-LDL-C and CAC from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [mean (standard deviation) age: 61.9 (10.4) years; 52.5% women; 47.3% with baseline CAC (mean score >0)]. We used multi-variable general linear models and restricted cubic splines with the goodness of fit testing to evaluate the association of sd-LDL-C with the presence of CAC. Odds ratios [OR (95% confidence interval)] were adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, including estimated total LDL-C. Higher quartiles of sd-LDL-C were associated with the presence of CAC, even after accounting for total LDL-C. Compared with the lowest quartile of sd-LDL-C, participants in Quartiles 2, 3, and 4 had higher odds for the presence of baseline CAC [Quartile 2 OR: 1.24 (1.00, 1.53); Quartile 3 OR: 1.51 (1.19, 1.93); and Quartile 4 OR 1.59 (1.17, 2.16)]. Splines suggested a quadratic curvilinear relationship of continuous sd-LDL-C with CAC after adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors (quadratic vs. first-order sd-LDL-C terms likelihood ratio test: P = 0.015), but not after accounting for total LDL-C (quadratic vs. first-order terms: P = 0.156).
conclusionIn a large, multi-ethnic sample without known CVD, higher sd-LDL-C was associated with the presence of CAC, above and beyond total LDL-C. Whether selective direct measurement of sd-LDL-C is indicated to refine cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention warrants further investigation.
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