ReviewDiabetologia2024
The insulin resistant brain: impact on whole-body metabolism and body fat distribution.
Review in Diabetologia, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dementia in type 2 diabetes: risk factors, disease processes and opportunities for prevention across the lifespan.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Unhealthy fat distribution as a sex-specific predictor of declining hippocampus insulin sensitivity.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- A network analysis of whole-body [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Postprandial Glucagon Action in the Human Brain.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Hypothalamic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is localized to the posterior hypothalamus.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Synergistic Intervention for Obesity: Integrating Central Appetite Regulation and Peripheral Energy Expenditure.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- The autonomic nervous system in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Metabolic Contributions to Learning and Feeling: Why They Matter and How to Make the Most of Them.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- The obesity-brain axis: a comprehensive review of neurological complications and therapeutic interventions in metabolic syndrome.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Dementia Risk According to Indices of Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function in Individuals With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Explainable AI-based analysis of human pancreas sections identifies traits of type 2 diabetes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From Metabolism to Mind: The Cardio-Metabolic-Brain Axis and the Role of Insulin Resistance-A Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Insulin Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Association with Brain Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Adolescent cognitive function and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective population-based cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- MiR-7 in neurological disorders: beyond metabolic dysregulation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Pharmacological modulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β axis: a new frontier in Alzheimer's disease treatment.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Association between five dietary indices and childhood asthma: the mediating role of visceral adiposity indicators using NHANES data.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Diabetes: A Focused and Mechanistic Review of Symptom and Function Outcomes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Effect of 4 Weeks Resonance Frequency Breathing on Glucose Metabolism and Autonomic Tone in Healthy Adults.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Article
- Insulin resistance and the risk of incident depression: the role of age, glycemic status, and adiposity in a prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insulin exerts its actions not only on peripheral organs but is also transported into the brain where it performs distinct functions in various brain regions. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of insulin's actions within the brain, with a specific emphasis on investigations in humans. It summarises current knowledge on the transport of insulin into the brain. Subsequently, it showcases robust evidence demonstrating the existence and physiological consequences of brain insulin action, while also introducing the presence of brain insulin resistance in humans. This pathophysiological condition goes along with an impaired acute modulation of peripheral metabolism in response to brain insulin action, particularly in the postprandial state. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with long-term adiposity and an unfavourable adipose tissue distribution, thus implicating it in the pathogenesis of subgroups of obesity and (pre)diabetes that are characterised by distinct patterns of body fat distribution. Encouragingly, emerging evidence suggests that brain insulin resistance could represent a treatable entity, thereby opening up novel therapeutic avenues to improve systemic metabolism and enhance brain functions, including cognition. The review closes with an outlook towards prospective research directions aimed at further elucidating the clinical implications of brain insulin resistance. It emphasises the critical need to establish feasible diagnostic measures and effective therapeutic interventions.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.